Cap and Trade Solutions
www.CapAndTrade.net

Email:  info@CapAndTrade.net    Tel.  (832)  758 - 0027

We provide Cap and Trade solutions and help companies and cities reduce their Carbon Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Emissions through our Renewable Energy Technologies and Carbon Negative Energy systems.

The Renewable Energy Institute is now affiliated with a Solar H CPV 
technology and fast-growing, "below-the-radar" solar R&D company  that has 
made significant  breakthroughs in solar power efficiency and costs.

Our HCPV solar power plant is the ideal solution for: 
Electric Utilities, Commercial/Industrial Customers, 
and Real Estate Developments/Subdivisions

And, this HCPV technology costs about 50% less than our competitors. 

Minimum Size Available:  1 MW
10 year warranty
$3.75 million for equipment
Area required:  3 acres 
6-9 months lead time

Sites in Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico now available

Utility Scale Solar Power:  Highest Efficiencies - Lowest Costs 

See one of our following our sites for more infor,ation:

www.ConcentratingPhotovoltaic.com

www.ConcentrationPhotovoltaic.com

www.ConcentratedSolarPower.com

www.ConcentratingSolarPower.com

www.HighConcentrationPhotovoltaic.com

Call/email for more information

Tel. (832) 758 - 0027

Email:  info@CapAndTrade.net

What is "Cap and Trade"?

"Cap and Trade" was originally implemented as a result of the 1990 Clean Air Act, where "Cap and Trade" was first implemented - and to a very huge success in reducing Sulfur Dioxide Emissions - the cause of "acid rain."

In the proposed "Cap and Trade" program as it applies to capping the amount of  Greenhouse Gas Emissions - the cap limits the amounts of global warming emissions - Greenhouse Gas Emissions - and more specifically, the amount of Carbon Dioxide Emissions - and gradually decreases the amounts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions that a country - or region, may produce.  

Cap and Trade allows the marketplace to reduce these Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a market-driven manner that provides for as smooth, efficient and orderly transition to "carbon free energy" and "pollution free power" as possible.

Therefore, a “cap” is the legal limit on the quantity of Greenhouse Gas Emissions that a country or region may emit each year and the “trade” means that companies may trade among themselves the permission – (permits) – to emit Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

A successful Cap and Trade market for capping Greenhouse Gas Emissions will enable those who can reduce pollution cheaply and inexpensively - to earn a return on their Greenhouse Gas Emissions reductions by the investment they made to reduce these emissions.... by selling extra allowances or permits in the marketplace.  The Cap and Trade program, simultaneously, allows those companies who can’t reduce their Greenhouse Gas Emissions as inexpensively, to purchase those allowances or permits at a lower cost than the cost of investing in the equipment or technologies that would have reduced their own Greenhouse Gas Emissions.  The Cap and Trade program permits all companies and participants to meet the total Greenhouse Gas Emissions cap in a very efficient and cost-effective manner. And it gives all those that do generate Greenhouse Gas Emissions economic incentives to find the least-cost solutions for reducing their Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

What is "Concentration Photovoltaic" and "High Concentration Photovoltaic" solar systems?

Today's typical photovoltaic ("PV") solar panels and energy systems are stationary flat-plate photovoltaic panels that are seen on roof-tops of homes and commercial businesses.  These photovoltaic systems are costly, covered with solar cells, and rely upon the direct illumination of sunlight on the entire surface of the PV panels. Unlike these typical PV panels, systems, "concentration photovoltaic" systems use a Fresnel lens that is located between the sun and the solar cells to focus and magnify sunlight onto the solar cells that are anywhere from 250 to 500 times smaller than the typical " one-sun" PV solar panels.  Concentration photovoltaic systems effectively replaces inexpensive plastic (Fresnel) lenses in place of the expensive silicon solar cells.

The efficiency of any solar-electric system increases if the sun is " tracked" to absorb the most direct normal sunlight.  Today's concentration photovoltaic solar systems integrate "track" the sun, to maintain maximum energy transfer from the sun to the solar cells. They are completely automated and integrate a tracking software control system that is hydraulically-driven.  Concentration photovoltaic solar systems integrate the Fresnel lens, solar cell, and solar receiver plate into the system.

We provide Concentration Photovoltaic, High Concentration Photovoltaic and Concentrating Solar Power:

• Project Development

• Project Finance/Investments

• Engineering

• Feasibility Studies 

• Legal

• Finance/Funding/Investments

• Power Purchase Agreements

• Interconnection Agreements

and other related consulting services.

Our work is performed on a strict adherence to "vendor-neutrality."   We seek to maximize the return on investment from both the economic and environmental aspects while simultaneously minimizing the operational expenses for our clients. 

What is Concentrating Solar Power?

Concentrated solar power plants produce electric power by converting the sun's energy into high-temperature heat using various mirror configurations. The heat is then channeled through a conventional generator. The plants consist of two parts: one that collects solar energy and converts it to heat, and another that converts heat energy to electricity.

Concentrated solar power systems can be sized for village power (10 kilowatts) or grid-connected applications (up to 100 megawatts). Some systems use thermal storage during cloudy periods or at night. Others can be combined with natural gas and the resulting hybrid power plants provide high-value, dispatchable power. These attributes, along with world record solar-to-electric conversion efficiencies, make concentrated solar power an attractive renewable energy option in the Southwest and other sunbelt regions worldwide.

Our Solar Energy Systems are now available for very little up-front costs - our Solar Energy Systems are the ideal solution for schools, hospitals, restaurants and other commercial businesses wanting to go green, without the large up-front costs.

For qualified businesses, we will install our solar energy system on your roof, at little to no upfront costs!

We are now installing *Free Solar Power Systems for qualified commercial businesses in California and Texas.

To qualify for our Free Solar Power Systems, businesses must:

• Have a good credit rating

• Agree to buy all of the power generated from the Free Solar Power Systems under a 20 year Power Purchase Agreement

We expect ALL of our customers will be very happy knowing that the clean, green, renewable power they are using is: 

• More reliable than the electricity from the power company.

• Saving the environment by reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and helping reverse Climate Change and Global Warming.

• Generated from their own reliable Solar Power System on their roofs.

• Saving Money!  At today's published electric rates at Southern California Edison, TXU, Reliant and Centerpoint, most of our customers will also enjoy a SAVINGS on their present electric bills by as much as 10% from what they are now paying for their electricity from the electric utility.

• Under warranty.

• At the end of the Power Purchase Agreement, the Free Solar Power Systems is then owned by our customers and the savings really start to add up as the power and electricity generated from their Free Solar Power Systems is now free!

To find out if your business qualifies for one of our Free Solar Power Systems, call (832) 758 - 0027 today!

* Terms, Conditions and Requirements for Free Solar Power Systems. 
(1) For qualified commercial clients only. (2) Minimum size rating of 25 kW solar power system.  (3) Minimum monthly electric requirements apply.  (4) Other conditions may apply, depending on location, utility restrictions and regulations.  

What is a Net Zero Energy Building?

A Net Zero Energy Building produces as much energy as it uses over the course of a year. Net Zero Energy Buildings are very energy efficient. The remaining low energy needs are typically met with on-site renewable energy. 

There is no such thing as a "zero energy building."

EVERY building uses energy.  

The important considerations are, 

1.  How efficient is the building?  

2.  How much energy does the building use?  

3.  How much "carbon free energy" or "pollution free power" is generated by the buildings' own onsite renewable energy system?

4.  What are the utility company's prices for the excess power generated and sent to the grid? 
(see: Net Energy Metering)

5.  How difficult is it to interconnect the renewable energy system of the building with the utility company's powerlines/electric grid?   

At the heart of Net Zero Energy Buildings is the idea that buildings can meet energy requirements from low-cost, locally available, nonpolluting, renewable sources. 

What is "Net Zero Energy?"

Net Zero Energy - when applied to a home or commercial building, simply means that they generate as much power and energy as they consume, when measured on a monthly or annual basis. 

What is "Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide?"

Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CuInSe2) is a material that provides an extremely high absorption of light ( 99%) to be absorbed in the first micron of the material. Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide is projected to be the revolutionary material that some are saying, could put typical "central" power plants and some electric utilities, out of business, as it will be much cheaper for customers to generate their own onsite power with Thin Film Photovoltaics made from these materials.   

When additional small amounts of Gallium is added to Copper Indium diSelenide, this increases its' light-absorbing band gap, thereby making the solar panel more closely match the solar spectrum of the sun.  This, in turn, increases the voltage and the efficiency of the Thin Film Photovoltaics solar panel. 

Solar panels produced with Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide cells have reached efficiencies of more than 20% - which is much higher than the other Thin Film Photovoltaics. 

Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide solar panels create more electricity from the same amount of sunlight than other Thin Film Photovoltaics panels.  This translates into a higher conversion efficiency. 

The conversion efficiency of Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide PV technologies is very stable over time, meaning its power output remains stable over many years, while the power output of many other PV materials can rapidly decline with time. 

What are "Building Integrated Photovoltaics?"

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are solar energy systems that are integrated into a part of the building, that serve as the building's exterior or the building's skin. 

Commercial buildings and facilities (including houses) that integrate their own solar power systems into the building's exteriors, are referred to as "power buildings."

The technology that makes this possible is "Thin Film Photovoltaics."

What are Thin Film Photovoltaics?

Without a doubt, the most exciting technology in the solar power industry is "Thin Film Photovoltaics."  Thin Film Photovoltaics technology represents the next big thing in renewable energy and solar power as it integrates nanotechnologies into the production of solar photovoltaics. 

According to the Department of Energy, the recent technological advances in thin film photovoltaics make this a very exciting time to be in the solar energy industry.  These advances have led to many new developments in the components and manufacturing of thin film photovoltaics. This has made thin film photovoltaics cheaper to manufacture as they are also now easier to install since they are extremely versatile, flexible, bendable, and much lighter.

Thin film photovoltaics  have led many to believe that as much as 50% of our nation's future power will be generated by "power buildings" that integrate "building integrated photovoltaics" or "BIPV" into the building's skin or exterior surfaces, that convert sunlight into "pollution free power" for use in the building.  This also designates these buildings (and homes) as "Net Zero Energy Buildings" and make the option for going grid-free, or not connecting to the grid, a real possibility.

According to the Department of Energy, the market potential for printed electronics will grow into a $47 billion market by 2018.  Thin film photovoltaics represents a significant portion of this market - and based on this heavily researched solar technology, thin film photovoltaics now represents a $20 billion/year industry in the U.S.

The solar PV panels produced under the thin film photovoltaics umbrella have the potential to produce power significantly cheaper power than today’s typical silicon-based PV panels.  The panels are usually made in the form of a monolithic piece of glass, upon which various thin films are deposited, although a number of firms are working on depositing the materials on a substrate, such as stainless steel or plastic.

Types of Thin Film Photovoltaics – there are primarily three types of thin film photovoltaics and include:

1. Amorphous Silicon

2. Cadmium Telluride

3. Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide

Amorphous Silicon had the largest share of the thin film photovoltaics market through 2006. It has been researched for the longest period of time, may be the best understood material of the three and has been commercial for the longest. Cadmium Telluride has the remaining share and is growing. 

Thin Film Photovoltaics Advantages over Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics

• Lower cost of production of the 

• Lower production facility cost per watt - CapEx

• Uses as little as 1/500 of the amount used in standard silicon cells

• Lower energy payback – amount of time until the product produces more energy than was utilized in its manufacture.

• Produces more power/watt

• Superior performance in hot and cloudy climates

• Integrates seemlessly in homes and buildings – see Building Integrated Photovoltaics 

• Produces the lowest cost power

What is Net Energy Metering?

Net energy metering is used to measure a customer's total electric consumption against that customer's total on-site electric generation.  When a customer's onsite generation of power exceeds the amount that they use, the customer's solar energy system (or other renewable energy system) exports the extra electricity to the grid.  When the power requirements of the customer exceeds their onsite generation of power, the customer imports the electricity they need from electric grid. The customer pays the electric company for any extra power they use over the amount they generate - OR -  the customer receives a credit or refund from the electric company if they exported more power to the grid, than what they consumed.  

Renewable Energy Is Necessary for Net Zero Energy Buildings

Much focus is placed on energy efficiency as the most cost-effective way to reduce energy use in commercial buildings. However, consumption can be reduced only so much. There is a point at which the cost of adding efficiency measures is higher than that of using renewable energy such as thin film photovoltaics and other solar energy systems. 

Aggressive energy efficiency strategies can reduce a building's energy consumption by 50% to 70%. Renewable energy technologies must be used to reach the goal of a net-zero energy building (NZEB).

Supply-Side Technologies

Various supply-side renewable energy technologies are available for Net Zero Energy Buildings. Supply-side technologies, often called energy producers, collect natural energy and transform it into a useful form. Examples of these technologies include PV, solar hot water, wind, hydroelectric, and biofuels.

Ranking of Energy Options

All renewable sources are favorable over conventional energy sources such as coal and natural gas; however, the U.S. Department of Energy recommends the following ranking for these options (the lower numbers are preferable):

This hierarchy is weighted toward renewable technologies within the building footprint and site. Rooftop PV and solar water heating are the most applicable supply-side technologies for Net Zero Energy Buildings. Other supply-side technologies such as parking lot-based wind or solar energy systems may be available.

The goal in developing the ranking was to encourage technologies that:

• Minimize overall environmental impact by encouraging energy-efficient building designs and reducing transportation and conversion losses

• Will be available over the lifetime of the building

• Are widely available and have high replication potential for future Net Zero Energy Buildings.

Solar Trigeneration
www.SolarTrigeneration.com

"Solar Trigeneration™" is Here!!
Residential, Commercial and Industrial Customers:
Reduce or COMPLETELY ELIMINATE
Your Electric Power & Natural Gas Expenses

Stop Paying High Electric and Natural Gas Rates!  
"Cut the Cord" to the Electric Company!

Our "Solar Trigeneration™" Power and Energy Systems
Generate Carbon Free Energy and Pollution Free Power
Which is Sustainable, Clean, Renewable and Affordable

Solar Energy Systems provides cooler, cleaner, greener power and energy project development services. We specialize in renewable energy technologies and renewable fuels including; B100 Biodiesel, Biomethane, E100 Ethanol and Synthesis Gas.

Our Solar Energy Systems are an environmentally-friendly and economically-superior choice to expensive natural gas and electricity. Additionally, our renewable energy technologies generate "green tags" or a Renewable Energy Credit.  

We provide Solar Power and Energy systems that we refer to as "ecogeneration" solutions that produce cooler, cleaner, greener power and energy for our customers and our environment. Unlike most companies, we are equipment supplier/vendor neutral. This means we help our clients select the best equipment for their specific application. This approach provides our customers with superior performance, decreased operating expenses and increased return on investment. 

• Engineering and Economic Feasibility Studies 

• Project Design, Engineering & Permitting

• Project Construction

• Project Funding & Financing Options

• Shared/Guaranteed Savings program with no capital requirements. 

• Project Commissioning 

• Operations & Maintenance 

• Green Tag/Renewable Energy Credit Application, and Marketing

For more information: call us at: 832-758-0027

Net Zero Energy Buildings
www.NetZeroEnergyBuildings.com

The Audubon Nature Center Installs Solar Trigeneration  System
Making this one of the World's First "Net Zero Energy Buildings"
at Their New Facility in Los Angeles, California

NO CONNECTION TO THE ELECTRIC UTILITY!

The Solar Trigeneration  Provides All of their Facility's (5000 sq.ft.)
Cooling, Heating and Power Requirements, Even After the Sun Sets
And WITHOUT ANY CONNECTION to the Electric Utility
with out Solar Trigeneration System!

The Sun Powers the Audubon Nature Center's Solar Trigeneration  
System at Debs Park in Los Angeles. The Audubon Nature Center's 
building is one of the world's first "Net Zero Energy Buildings." 
The Solar Trigeneration System Consists of a 10 Ton “Solar Absorption Cooling"  
System Matched with a Solar Electric Power System

By:  Monty Goodell, M.B.A.
www.SolarTrigeneration.com
Los Angeles, California

There is now a better, more efficient, “pollution free power” solution for cooling, heating and powering homes and commercial buildings where solar energy is available. It's called Solar Trigeneration

Solar Trigeneration is defined as the simultaneous generation of cooling, heating and power with only the free solar energy from the sun providing the "fuel". Solar Trigeneration is now a reality at the Audubon Center at Debs Park several miles from downtown Los Angeles and is one of the world's first "Net Zero Energy Buildings."

The Audubon Nature Center is totally powered by the sun’s energy and the building operates entirely “grid-free” and without any electric connections to the electric grid, or natural gas connections – a truly sustainable power and energy solution. Best of all, the Audubon Center doesn’t rely on the over-burdened electric grid or even natural gas.  Therefore, the Audubon Nature Center NEVER receives an electric bill or natural gas bill.... ever!

The Audubon Nature Center's 5,000 square foot office and conference facility is powered by a Solar Trigeneration system that features a 25-kilowatt solar electric power system where the energy is stored in a bank of batteries. The Center is cooled by a 10-ton solar absorption cooling system powered by an array of very efficient solar heat pipe vacuum tube thermal collectors.  The collectors heat the water to temperatures of 200+ degree F stored in a 1,200 gallon insulated tank, another type of inexpensive battery. The Solar Trigeneration system at the Audubon not only provides the air-conditioning in the summer but also heats the building in the winter, and provides the hot water for the kitchen and bathrooms. 

Absorption chillers, and cooling with solar energy with an absorption chiller are not new technologies.  In fact, absorption chiller technology is over 70 years old.  The first refrigerators were powered by propane gas to run the absorption chillers that used ammonia as a refrigerant.  Electricity and the electric compression chiller gained popularity only because of the convenient “plug and play” appliance and relatively cheap electric rates.  Electricity is no longer economically, or environmentally “cheap.”

Cogeneration refers to the simultaneous production of heat and power. Cogeneration plants are much more efficient as compared with typical power plants.  Cogeneration is usually about 55% to 70% efficient in terms of overall system efficiency, or about 200% more efficient than typical power plants.  However, cogeneration power plants are fueled by natural gas, which is a limited resource, and whose price has exploded as a result of all the new cogeneration plants that have been built and fueled by natural gas. Even in early 2001, the price of natural gas was only $2.75 - $3.25 per mmbtu. However, with all of the new cogeneration power plants, limited supply of natural gas, and the huge demand placed on natural gas for fueling the new cogeneration plants, the price of natural gas is now around $7.50 - $8.50 per mmbtu.

Solar Trigeneration is an EcoGeneration solution.  EcoGeneration refers to a power and energy system that uses the “natural” energy or fuel that is available for a specific site or location. Such energy or fuel includes, solar, wind, BioMethane, geothermal, and ocean power, including ocean tidal and ocean thermal energy conversion. For example, in the desert areas of the Southwestern U.S. , there is an abundance of solar energy. Therefore, home-owners and business owners in this part of the country should seriously consider an EcoGeneration system (“ecogen system”) that optimizes the opportunities available through solar energy

Today, the cause of the summer peak electric demand, electric supply problems, and black-outs, are the result of the energy crisis in California , primarily attributed to the air conditioning load. Over 40 percent of the electricity generated every day goes is used for air conditioning.  At this time of year, the electric utilities are forced to turn on all of their power plants to generate the “peak” demands required by the customers, primarily for air-conditioning.  This means that all of the efficient power plants, the inefficient power plants, along with all of the “peaking” power plants have to run to generate the electricity needed. The high cost of meeting the peak demand is passed on to the consumers with rates of $.20+ per kWh during the summer months.   For fixed income seniors living in desert communities, they are already forced to conserve on energy, food, water, and other necessities of life. 

Greater Demands on California’s Limited Electric Supply, Lack of New Electric Power Supplies, and This Summer’s Heat Wave are Compounding the Problem Leading to the “Perfect Electric Storm”

Many people will remember the movie “The Perfect Storm” from several years ago, when several storms came together in the northeastern part of the U.S. to produce a deadly and catastrophic “perfect” storm. Today, a different type of “perfect storm” is brewing in California . The storm that’s looming on the horizon in California is a “perfect electric storm” wherein the supply of electricity from the electric utility company’s power plants are unable to keep-up with the demand – meaning a black-out, or loss of electricity, like the black-outs from previous years, and like the northeastern black-out from 2003.

The most likely time of year for a black-out in California , unfortunately, is the summer, when air-conditioners are running at the maximum, and placing the maximum load on California ’s electricity supply.  Should such a black-out occur in the desert areas of California, where daily high temperatures routinely reach 110 degrees and higher, and where a significant percentage of the population is comprised of retired and senior citizens, and should the black-out be prolonged, a number of deaths will be the likely outcome. People, and especially the elderly, simply cannot tolerate prolonged high temperatures

How Do We Prevent the “Perfect Electric Storm” from Occurring in California and Other Regions in the U.S.?

Another major concern is how do we prevent the “Perfect Electric Storm” from happening, like the Northeast Blackout several summers ago, especially for people living in the desert?  California ’s energy authorities are warning of a possible energy crisis during the hot summer months, due to the excessive and prolonged summer temperatures where demand increases by over 40 percent.  Compounding the problem is the rising demand for electricity due to population growth and the limited transmission capacity in some areas in the region.  According to the California Energy Commission, the State must build three natural gas-fired 500-megawatt peaking power plants, every year, just to keep up with the growing demands of electricity. Failure to keep up with demand means The problem is getting worse due to the population growth in the Inland Empire , Coachella Valley and Antelope Valley. The projected power gap for the coming summers of 2006, 2007, and 2008 is very bleak.

Governor Schwarzenegger’s “Million Solar Roofs” program and the passage of the 2005 Federal Energy Act will be the foundation to create a “Perfect Solar Storm” to trigger the Solar Economy throughout California. 

With the threat of California’s seniors and elderly dying from heat exhaustion due to power outages, black-outs, rolling black-outs and the rising costs of electricity and natural gas, combined with the continuing impact of global warming, the perfect solution is to create a Solar Revolution by cooling, heating and powering the desert with solar energy and technologies like Solar Cogeneration or Solar Trigeneration.

To find our more about the new Solar Trigeneration system at the Audubon Center in Los Angeles, or arrange for a tour of the Audubon Center, or discuss your Solar CHP, Solar Cogeneration or EcoGeneration requirements, call Monty Goodell at 832-758-0027

The Audubon Center's new Solar Trigeneration power and energy system
makes this building a "Net Zero Energy Building"

The Audubon's Roof showing the Solar Thermal Collectors, part of the 
Solar Trigeneration power and energy system

The heart of the Audubon's Solar Trigeneration power and energy system
provides "free heating, cooling and domestic hot water," a "net zero energy building."

The hot water from the Solar Thermal Collectors on the roof of the Audubon is pumped here for producing the building's heating, cooling and domestic hot water.
Hot water is stored in the tank on the left for overnight.

Solar Electric Power Systems (PV)

Solar electric power systems transform sunlight into electricity. Sunlight is an abundant resource. Every minute the sun bathes the Earth in as much energy as the world consumes in an entire year. Solar cells employ special materials called semiconductors that create electricity when exposed to light. Solar electric systems are quiet and easy to use, and they require no fuel other than sunlight. Because they contain no moving parts, they are durable, reliable, and easy to maintain. How It Works Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic (PV) cells, do the work of making electricity. Several types of solar electric technology are under development, but four—crystalline silicon (a form of refined beach sand), thin films, concentrators, and thermophotovoltaics—are illustrative of the range of technologies. Solar cells are connected to a variety of other components to make a solar electric power system. Crystalline Silicon Crystalline silicon solar cells are used in more than half of all solar electric devices. Like most semiconductor devices, they include a positive layer (on the bottom) and a negative layer (on the top) that create an electrical field inside the cell. When a photon of light strikes a semiconductor, it releases electrons (see animation). The free electrons flow through the solar cell's bottom layer to a connecting wire as direct current (DC) electricity. Some solar cells are made from polycrystalline silicon, which consists of several small silicon crystals. Polycrystalline silicon solar cells are cheaper to produce but somewhat less efficient than single-crystal silicon. A simple silicon solar cell can power a watch or calculator. However, it produces only a tiny amount of electricity. Connected together, solar cells form modules that can generate substantial amounts of power. Modules are the building blocks of solar electric systems, which can produce enough power for a house, a rural medical clinic, or an entire village. Large arrays of solar electric modules can power satellites or provide electricity for utilities. Solar Electric Power System Components In addition to modules, several components are needed to complete a solar electric power system. Many systems include batteries, battery chargers, a backup generator, and a controller so that people in solar-powered homes and buildings can turn on the lights at night or run televisions or appliances on cloudy days. Grid-connected systems don't require batteries or backup generators because they use the grid for backup power. Some remote system applications, such as those used to pump water, do not require a backup power source. Components of a typical standalone PV system using crystalline silicon technology. (Source: Solar Electric Power Association) Solar electric power systems can incorporate inverters or power control units to transform the DC electricity produced by the solar cells into alternating current (AC) to run AC appliances or sell to a utility grid. Complete systems usually include safety disconnects, fuses, and a grounding circuit as well. Thin Films Solar electric thin films are lighter, more resilient, and easier to manufacture than crystalline silicon modules. The best-developed thin-film technology uses amorphous silicon, in which the atoms are not arranged in any particular order as they would be in a crystal. An amorphous silicon film only one micron thick can absorb 90% of the usable solar energy falling on it. Other thin-film materials include cadmium telluride and copper indium diselenide. Substantial cost savings are possible with this technology because thin films require relatively little semiconductor materials. Thin films are produced as large, complete modules, not as individual cells that must be mounted in frames and wired together. They are manufactured by applying extremely thin layers of semiconductor material to a low-cost backing such as glass or plastic. Electrical contacts, antireflective coatings, and protective layers are also applied directly to the backing material. Thin films conform to the shape of the backing, a feature that allows them to be used in such innovative products as flexible solar electric roofing shingles. Concentrators Concentrators use optical lenses (similar to plastic magnifying glasses) or mirrors to concentrate the sunlight that falls on a solar cell. With a concentrator to magnify the light intensity, the solar cell produces more electricity. Today, most solar cells in concentrators are made from crystalline silicon. However, materials such as gallium arsenide and gallium indium phosphide are more efficient than silicon in solar electric concentrators and will likely see more use in the future. These materials are now used in communications satellites and other space applications. Concentrators produce more electricity using less of the expensive semiconductor material than other solar electric systems. A basic concentrator unit consists of a lens to focus the light, a solar cell assembly, a housing element, a secondary concentrator to reflect off-center light rays onto the cell, a mechanism to dissipate excess heat, and various contacts and adhesives. The basic unit can be combined into modules of varying sizes and shapes. Concentrators only work with direct sunlight and operate most effectively in sunny, dry climates. They must be used with tracking systems to keep them pointed toward the sun. Thermophotovoltaics Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) devices convert heat into electricity in much the same way that other PV devices convert light into electricity. The difference is that TPV technology uses semiconductors "tuned" to the longer-wavelength, invisible infrared radiation emitted by warm objects. This technology is cleaner, quieter, and simpler than conventional power generation using steam turbines and generators. TPV converters are relatively maintenance-free because they contain no moving parts. In addition to using solar energy, they can convert heat from any high-temperature heat source, including combustion of a fuel such as natural gas or propane, into electricity. TPV converters produce virtually no carbon monoxide and few emissions. They may be used in the future in gas furnaces that generate their own electricity for self-ignition (during power outages) and in portable generators and battery chargers. Advantages Solar electric systems offer many advantages. Standalone systems can eliminate the need to build expensive new power lines to remote locations. For rural and remote applications, solar electricity can cost less than any other means of producing electricity. Solar electric systems can also connect to existing power lines to boost electricity output during times of high demand such as on hot, sunny days when air conditioners are on. Solar electric systems are flexible. Solar electric modules can stand on the ground or be mounted on rooftops. They can also be built into glass skylights and walls. They can be made to look like roof shingles and can even come equipped with devices to turn their DC output into the same AC utilities deliver to wall sockets. These advances mean individual homeowners and businesses can relieve pressure on local utilities struggling to meet the increasing demand for electricity. More than 30 states offer grid-connected solar electric system owners the chance to save money on their energy bills by feeding any excess power their solar electric system produces into the utility grid—an arrangement called net metering. Solar power systems require minimal maintenance. They run quietly and efficiently without polluting. They are easy to combine with other types of electric generators such as wind, hydro, or natural gas turbines. They can charge batteries to make solar electricity continuously available. For utilities, large-scale solar electric power plants can help meet demand for new power generation, especially in distributed applications. A solar electric power plant is created from multiple arrays that are interconnected electronically. Solar electric plants are easier to site and are quicker to build than conventional power plants. They are also easy to expand incrementally—by adding more modules—as power demand increases. Solar electric power systems are good for the environment. When solar electric technologies displace fossil fuels for pumping water, lighting homes, or running appliances, they reduce the greenhouse gases and pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. The use of solar electric systems is particularly important in developing nations because it can help avert the expected increases in emissions of greenhouse gases caused by the growing demand for electricity in those countries. Solar electric technologies also benefit the U.S. economy by creating jobs in U.S. companies. Exporting solar electric technologies to developing nations expands U.S. markets while protecting the global environment. Disadvantages Although solar electric systems make financial sense in remote areas that lack access to power lines, they are usually more expensive than fossil fuels for grid-connected applications. This disadvantage is significant for utilities considering large-scale solar electric power plants. Although solar electricity costs considerably more than electricity generated by conventional plants, regulatory agencies often require utilities to supply electricity for the lowest cash cost. Utilities view solar electric power plants differently than they view conventional power plants. Solar electric modules produce electricity intermittently—only when the sun shines. Their output varies with the weather and disappears altogether at night. Integrating solar electricity into a utility system requires creative planning. Applications A combination of solar electric arrays and pool-heating solar collectors were used to provide power and heat to the Georgia Tech University Aquatic Center, site of the 1996 Olympic swimming competition. (Credit: Heliocol) Solar electricity has powered satellites since the dawn of the space program. It has run remote communications outposts high in the mountains and turned on the lights, kept medicines cold, and pumped water in rural areas for more than 30 years. Small solar cells are used to power wristwatches, calculators, and other electronic gadgets. More recently, solar electric systems have been used to provide supplemental power to homes and commercial buildings in cities. Solar electric technology has important roles to play in both the developing and developed worlds. From the farmer irrigating his crops in rural Mexico to an innovative lighting system for an Olympic sports arena, solar electric solutions abound. Electric utilities harness solar electricity for distributed applications—near substations or at the end of overloaded power lines, for example, to avoid or defer costly line upgrades. They use solar electricity during hot, sunny periods when the demand for air conditioning stretches conventional power generation to its limit. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District, for example, uses large solar electric arrays as part of its power generation mix. Utilities also rely on solar electricity to power remote, standalone monitoring systems. Consumers and builders are integrating solar electric modules into their homes and offices. Innovative solar electric technologies can replace conventional roofing and facade materials in new buildings. Solar electric roofing shingles, for example, are being used in some new residences. In grid-connected applications, solar electricity supplies some of a consumer's energy needs; the local utility provides the rest. Standalone solar electric systems power a variety of applications far from the reaches of the power grid. These applications include remote communications systems such as television and radio transmitters and receivers, telephone systems, and microwave repeaters. Standalone solar electric power is also used to prevent corrosion of metal pipes, tanks, bridges, and buildings. Many remote residences worldwide use solar electricity as their source of power. For instance, more than 100,000 vacation homes in Scandinavia rely solely on solar electric technology to run lights and appliances. Villages around the world are building solar electric systems to bring electricity to their homes and local industries, often for the first time. To make the maximum use of available resources, village power is typically produced by a hybrid power system that combines solar electricity with diesel backup generators and sometimes another renewable energy technology such wind power. Villages also use standalone solar electric systems for pumping water—an application shared by rural farmers and ranchers in the United States.

We Package, Sell and Install Highly-efficient 
Cogeneration and Trigeneration energy systems

Trigeneration Technologies, LLC. is a privately held company that was founded by two of the board members of the Renewable Energy Institute.  We assist in the optimization of bulk power systems by engineering, developing, installing, owning and operating highly efficient cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems. 

Our specialty is both both cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems. There is probably not a better, more cost-effective "demand side management" method for reducing the energy expenses for commercial businesses.

We  manufacture/package, sell and install cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems that approach 100% net system efficiency. This means our energy systems utilize nearly 100% of the fuel in the form of power (electricity) and hot water and/or steam with our cogeneration energy systems and cooling, heating and power (electricity) with our trigeneration energy systems - that our customers use "onsite" in their buildings, restaurants, health clubs, hotels, casinos, office buildings, hospitals and many other types of commercial buildings, facilities and plants.  

For qualified clients, we will build-design-finance-own-operate and maintain our cogeneration or trigeneration energy systems.

What is "Trigeneration"?

Trigeneration is the simultaneous production of three forms of energy - typically, Cooling, Heating and Power - from only one fuel input. Put another way, our trigeneration power plants produce three different types of energy for the price of one.  

Our company's trigeneration energy systems reach overall system efficiencies of 86% to 93%.  Typical "central" power plants, that do not need the heat generated from the combustion and power generation process, are only about 33% efficient.  

Trigeneration Diagram & Description
Trigeneration Power Plants' Have the Highest System Efficiencies and are 
About 300 % More Efficient than Typical Central Power Plants

Trigeneration plants are installed at locations that can benefit from all three forms of energy.  These types of installations that install trigeneration energy systems are called "onsite power generation" also referred to as "decentralized energy."   

One of our company's principal's first experience with the design and development of a trigeneration power plant was the trigeneration power plant installation at Rice University in 1987 where our trigeneration development team started out by conducting a "cogeneration" feasibility study.  We installed a 4.0 MW Ruston gas turbine for the power plant.  Rice University selected an EPC company that installed the trigeneration power plant, along with waste heat recovery boilers and absorption chillers. A "waste heat recovery boiler" captures the heat from the exhaust of the gas turbine.  From there, the recovered energy was converted to chilled water - originally from (3) Hitachi Absorption Chillers - 2 were rated at 1,000 tons each, and the third Hitachi Absorption Chiller was rated at 1,500 tons. The Hitachi absorption chillers were replaced shortly after their installation by the EPC company.  The first trigeneration plant at Rice University was so successful, they added a second 5.0 MW trigeneration plant so today, Rice University is now generating about 9.0 MW of electricity, and also producing the cooling and heating the university needs from the trigeneration plant and circulating the trigeneration energy around its campus.

Trigeneration Chart
Trigeneration's "Super-Efficiency" compared 
with other competing technologies
As you can see, there is No Competition for Trigeneration!

Our trigeneration power plants are the ideal onsite power and energy solution for customers that include:  Data Centers, Hospitals, Universities, Airports, Central Plants, Colleges & Universities, Dairies, Server Farms, District Heating & Cooling Plants, Food Processing Plants, Golf/Country Clubs, Government Buildings, Grocery Stores, Hotels, Manufacturing Plants, Nursing Homes, Office Buildings / Campuses, Radio Stations, Refrigerated Warehouses, Resorts, Restaurants, Schools, Server Farms, Shopping Centers, Supermarkets, Television Stations, Theatres and Military Bases.

We partner and collaborate with other forward thinking companies and communities that are interested in changing the outdated power and energy model of the past - inefficient and highly-polluting central power plants that average 33% efficiency - to a new paradigm and model for the future -  community-based cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems at more than 90% efficiency - and therefore provides power and energy at lower prices while significantly reducing and even eliminating typical power plant emissions and greenhouse gas emissions.  

Call (832) 758 - 0027 for more information about community-based cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems or about making your community, hospital, university or other commercial facility a model for the future.

We presently contract the packaging of our new trigeneration energy systems by a 3rd party/supplier but plan to build a new trigeneration manufacturing plant - near Houston, Texas where we will be able to significantly increase our trigeneration power plant production.

At about 86% to 93% net system efficiency, our trigeneration power plants are about 300% more efficient at providing energy than your current electric utility. That's because the typical electric utility's power plants are only about 33% efficient - they waste 2/3 of the fuel in generating electricity in the enormous amount of waste heat energy that they exhaust through their smokestacks.

Trigeneration is defined as the simultaneous production of three energies: cooling, heating and power.  Our trigeneration energy systems use the same amount of fuel in producing three energies that would normally only produce just one type of energy. This means our customers that have our trigeneration power plants have significantly lower energy expenses, and a lower carbon footprint.

Our smallest trigeneration power plant "basic" power plant is a 200 kW trigeneration system. 

All of our trigeneration power plants can produce 42 degree F. chilled water (with a 20 degree chilled water option) as well as steam and hot water while generating at least 200 kW of power. We can build trigeneration power plants up to 10 MW and with system efficiencies approaching 100%.

Read more about our Trigeneration Power Plants on our Specifications page.

Not sure what size trigeneration power plant to order or whether trigeneration is right for your business?

We can help!

Not sure what size trigeneration power plant to order or whether trigeneration is right for your business?

We can help as we offer three types of Trigeneration Feasibility Reviews & Studies!

Our Trigeneration Feasibility will help you make a decision whether one of our trigeneration power plants are right for your facility.

Trigeneration Feasibility Study and Analysis

Provides a solid basis for moving a potential renewable energy project forward.  The cost for this depends on the type, location, amount of time we require, and any additional requirements that may be included by the client. 

Generally, a trigeneration feasibility study a good option for clients considering trigeneration that need a trigeneration energy system that is over 1.0 MW and up to about 3.0 MW.

The time required to complete the study is about 90 to 120 days, on average. 

The final study we deliver is usually the basis for the customer to obtain a loan, power purchase agreement, energy services agreement or placing an order with us.

To start a Trigeneration Preliminary Study and Analysis, we require a 50% cash payment of the study cost plus a refundable deposit for our reimbursable expenses.

Trigeneration Detailed Concept, Engineering and Design Analysis

The detailed engineering design is a good option for clients that would need a trigeneration energy system with an estimated trigeneration energy system over 3.0 MW and above. In a detailed engineering design, the trigeneration energy system is conceived, designed and engineered as a custom fit and optimized energy solution for your specific facility. 

Final result is usually ready for a company to start construction. A detailed engineering design can take from 4 months to 6 months to complete. The fee will generally run as a percentage of the total installed cost of the trigeneration energy system, and generally costs anywhere from 5% to 15% of the overall cost of the project.

To start a detailed trigeneration engineering design, we require a 50% cash payment of the total fee plus a refundable deposit for our reimbursable expenses.

Our trigeneration feasibility studies and engineering design are led by our licensed engineers.  Our goal is to help you determine whether your renewable energy is viable, identify the merits of your proposed renewable energy project, identify weak points, provide our recommended course of action, as well as our recommendations for products and equipment that need further review or consideration.  Our Feasibility Studies are an excellent "foundation" for building your next renewable energy project.

If you order your new trigeneration power plant from us within 30 days of the date of delivery of our Trigeneration Feasibility Review or Study, we will reduce the cost of your new trigeneration power plant by half the cost of the study and apply the fee to the purchase.

Trigeneration is a technology whose time as come! Particularly for commercial clients who want to decrease their energy expenses and carbon footprint, while increasing energy efficiency and profits. This is possible as our trigeneration power plants surpass 90% net system efficiency. 

This is possible through our trigeneration power plants that surpass 90% system efficiency for our clients that need cooling, heating and power - which covers about 99% of all commercial buildings and companies.

While most new trigeneration power plants are capable of being fueled with clean natural gas, we are dedicated to ending the use of fossil fuels by providing renewable energy and renewable fuels such as B100 Biodiesel or Biomethane.  Simultaneously, we are focused on reducing and eliminating greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide emissions.

In association with the Renewable Energy Institute, affiliate companies and investors, we provide "turnkey" trigeneration power plant development services that range from initial Engineering Feasibility & Economic Analysis Studies through project installation, start-up and commissioning, Operations & Maintenance, and Long Term Service Agreements for the lifetime of our systems.

Trigeneration Technologies' trigeneration energy systems' net system's efficiencies surpass any potential competitor.  We guarantee our standard trigeneration power plants will exceed 90% net system efficiency. 

Our trigeneration plants can use renewable fuels such as Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel or Dimethyl Ether, instead of fossil fuels to run them. We also offer an optional selective catalytic reduction technology that takes NOx down to "non-detect" without the use of ammonia or urea on our new trigeneration plants.

Our range of services (some provided by affiliate companies or manufacturing suppliers) include:

• Design/engineering, Engineering Feasibility and Economic Analysis Studies

• Legal

• Energy Service Agreements

• Power Purchase Agreements

• Build

• Finance

• Own

• Operate

• Maintain

• Long Term Service Agreements

Our renewable energy projects generate Renewable Energy Credit or Certified Emission Reduction credits, which provide an additional income stream from our projects.

"The Trigeneration Experts" - the ONLY Company that Builds Integrated Trigeneration Plants on a Single Skid with Effective System Efficiencies that Exceed 90%.  Our Optional SCR System Reduces Nitrogen Oxides To "Non-Detect" Without Ammonia or Urea

Our small footprint Trigeneration Plants measurements are: 15' wide by 15' in height by and 55' in length

We Can Design, Build, and Install Your New Trigeneration Power Plant and have it online in less than 130 - 150 days!

Our "Turnkey" Integrated Trigeneration Energy Systems are Available from 60 kW to over 10 MW with system efficiencies > 90% While Providing Practically-free Heating (and Cooling with Trigeneration) and generating power for commercial and industrial customers for as low as 4 cents/kW!  We are the only company that builds, fabricates, packages (on a single skid) and "integrates" Trigeneration power plants.

Standard Trigeneration Power Plants sizes in kW:

                          200 kW                    450 kW                   750 kW          
                          250 kW                    500 kW                   800 kW
                          300 kW                    600 kW                   850 kW
                          400 kW                    700 kW                   900 kW

Standard Cogeneration and Trigeneration Power Plants sizes in MW:

           1 MW          2 MW          3 MW          4 MW          5 MW

Read more about our Trigeneration Power Plants on our Specifications page.

NOTE:  We will NOT use the following: 

Capstone microturbines
Daewoo engines
GE Power
Jenbacher
Kawasaki turbines 
Guascor engines 

in ANY of our cogeneration or 
trigeneration power plants.

Our territory includes the U.S.A., Canada, the Caribbean 
and Central America.  

We can package any combination of standard size plants to come up with your optimum size system. Our standard and customized Trigeneration power plants use the leading brands of reciprocating engines or turbines and include our proprietary Waste Heat Recovery technologies that help us achieve system efficiencies greater than 90% and effective heat rates as low as 4050 btu's/kW.  We provide both standard and customized Trigeneration plants that meet our customer's most stringent economic and environmental requirements.

Our c Power Plants can run on renewable fuels for even greater environmental and economic savings! These fuels or energy sources include: Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel, Dimethyl-Ether, Synthesis Gas and natural gas. Net system efficiencies of our Trigeneration power plants are now exceeding 90% with up to 95% lower emissions when using Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel, Dimethyl-Ether or Synthesis Gas as the fuel for Trigeneration power plants.

For pricing and delivery information on our Cogeneration, Trigeneration, Biomethane or B100 Biodiesel power plants, call (832) 758 - 0027 or send an email with your project's requirements to:  info@trigeneration.com

Read more about our Trigeneration Power Plants on our Specifications page.

Our New "Integrated" Trigeneration Plants Have 
Very High Efficiencies & Low Fuel Costs

The Effective Heat Rate is Approximately 
4050 btu/kW & System Efficiency is 92%

Pictures of our latest Cogeneration Plant Presently Being Built for New Customer.  This Cogeneration Plant is Rated at 900 kW and Features (2) Natural Gas Engines @ 450 kW each on one Skid.

Our onsite trigeneration power and energy system can be an ideal solution for customers wanting increased power reliability and decreased energy and environmental costs.  A few of the types of buildings and businesses that would benefit from an onsite trigeneration plant include the following:

Airports

Casinos

Central Plants

Colleges & Universities

Dairies

Data Centers & Server Farms 

District Heating & Cooling plants

Food Processing Plants

Golf/Country Clubs

Government Buildings and Facilities 

Grocery Stores

Hospitals 

Hotels

Manufacturing Plants

Military Bases

Nursing Homes 

Office Buildings / Campuses

Radio Stations

Refrigerated Warehouses 

Resorts 

Restaurants 

Schools

Server Farms

Shopping centers 

Supermarkets 

Television Stations

Theatres

For pricing and delivery information on our cogeneration or trigeneration energy systems, call (832) 758 - 0027 or send an email with your goals, objectives and requirements to:  info@trigeneration.com

We would be interested in meeting with potential joint venture partners who are as committed and passionate as we are about making a difference in the world by assisting us with the capital we need to begin producing our +/- 90% efficient cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems which will soon be located on the roof (or next to the building) of thousands of commercial business - such as fast food restaurants, restaurants, convenience stores, office buildings, medical/dental professional buildings, supermarkets/grocery stores, hospitals, casinos, universities, dairies, data centers and server farms.

Equity positions now available for qualified joint venture partners in multiple trigeneration projects we are seeking to develop with leading Fortune 1000 companies.  Our joint venture equity partners will assist us with manufacturing our cogeneration or trigeneration plants and start installing them on the roof-tops or next to our customer's facilities - pending orders from hospitals and restaurants who have agreed to purchase all of our energy generated from our trigeneration plants through our Energy Services Agreement (similar to a Power Purchase Agreement except in the case of an Energy Services Agreement, we also sell the hot water/steam and chilled water, in addition to the electricity our trigeneration plants generate).

Our cogeneration or trigeneration energy systems will;

* forever change the way that energy is generated and used.

* will be fueled with "green fuels" such as; Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel, Synthesis Gas (generated from biomass feedstock and "converted" through Biomass Gasification plants), Dimethyl Ether or Solar Energy.

* eliminate or greatly reduce our customer's electric demand charges.

* significantly increase the amount of renewable energy used in the U.S. and around the world when renewable fuels such as Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel, Synthesis Gas or Dimethyl Ether

* stop/reverse climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide emissions.

* reduce and eventually eliminate the use of "fossil fuels."

* reduce the need for inefficient and expensive central power plants owned by utility companies. 

* promote energy independence.

* end America's dependence on oil from OPEC and other countries in the Middle-East, Venezuela and end our need for importing natural gas from Russia.

Prospective joint venture partners are invited to send an introductory email regarding your interests in renewable energy along with your financial abilities and expectations to:  info@Trigeneration.com

____________________________________________________________________________________

Biomass Gasification
www.BiomassGasification.com

Biomass Gasification is One of the Few
Technologies that Produces "Carbon Negative Energy"

We provide turnkey Biomass Gasification Solutions for 
the Following Biomass Waste Streams

Agricultural Waste
Breweries
Coal
C&D - Construction and Demolition Debris/Waste
Cotton Gin Waste
Cow Manure
Dairy Manure
DDGS
Distilleries
Ethanol Plants
Food Processing
Food Waste
Forest Residue
Forestry Waste
Glycerin
MSW - Municipal Solid Waste
Petroleum Coke
Railroad Ties
Paper Sludge
Peanut Hulls
Poultry Litter
Refuse Derived Fuel
Rice Husks
Sewage Sludge
Timber
Urban Wood Waste
Waste Coal
Wastewater
Wineries
Wood/Wood waste
Wood Chips

and many more!

Renewable Energy Ventures, LLC. provides "vendor-neutral" Biomass Gasification engineering and renewable energy project development services - including turnkey Biomass Gasification plants, cogeneration plants and trigeneration plants - all of which can be fueled with the Synthesis Gas produced from our Biomass Gasification plants.

Our Biomass Gasification engineering and renewable energy project development services include:  Carbon Credits and Carbon Emissions Consulting, Design, Engineering, Environmental, Feasibility Studies, Feedstock, Legal, Onsite Power Generation (cogeneration or trigeneration) & Greenhouse Gas Emissions consulting for projects located in the U.S. and Canada.

We also provide renewable energy engineering services for clients with projects located in Central America and the Caribbean.  

Our lead engineer and company's partner has almost 30 years experience in biomass engineering.  We specialize in "waste to energy" project development services, and have experience in the following: 

• Anaerobic Digesters

• B100 Biodiesel

• Biodiesel Plants

• Biogas Plants

• Biogas to Biomethane

• Biomass Gasification

• Biomethane 

• Carbon Free Energy

• Cogeneration

• Concentrating Solar Power 

• Decentralized Energy

• Demand Side Management

• Distributed Generation

• Geothermal Power Plants 

• Ground Source Heat Pumps

• Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

• Onsite Power Generation

• "Natural Wastewater Treatment Plants" 

• Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells

• Plasma Gasification 

• Pollution Free Power

• Solar Cogeneration

• Solar Trigeneration

• Thin Film Photovoltaics

• Trigeneration

• Waste To Energy 

• Waste to Fuel 

• Wind Farm Development

• Wind Power Generation

Renewable Energy Ventures is a privately-held company started by two of the directors at the Renewable Energy Institute.  Renewable Energy Ventures provides Biomass Gasification engineering and Biomass Gasification project development services.

Moving forward with us - next steps

Typically, we are engaged by new clients after they have identified a potential biomass feedstock. We require an initial retainer from new clients. The amount of the retainer is based upon the number of hours and resources for the specific Biomass Gasification project. Biomass Gasification engineering and biomass feedstock engineering studies are led by our partner who is a licensed engineer and has engineering degrees including Bachelor's, Master's and Ph.D. along with nearly 30 years experience in biomass and waste to energy technologies. 

The majority of our clients are seeking the optimum Biomass Gasification solution for their company's goals, objectives, and feedstock.  To determine the optimum Biomass Gasification solution, we normally start by supplying our customers with a Biomass Engineering Feasibility and Economic Study. Again, our fees are dependent on the number of variables and the final, agreed upon Scope of Services Agreement.  

In the event that the client has a study, and is satisfied with the results, we can begin by starting the EPC (Engineering-Procurement-Construction) process.

INITIAL BIOMASS GASIFICATION ENGINEERING DESIGN SERVICES:

On a strictly "vendor-neutral" basis, we help client's with their Biomass Gasification goals, objectives and budget through our Initial Biomass Gasification Engineering Design.

Our Initial Engineering Design service is the primary instrument most of our clients use to make a "go - no go" decision regarding specific Biomass Gasification projects.  In addition, our Initial Engineering Design service oftentimes helps our clients secure additional investment capital or otherwise provides project financing.

Our Initial Engineering Design service typically includes the following deliverables:

• Basic Biomass Gasification system identified (manufacturer)

• Biomass Gasification plant operations identified

• Biomass analysis

• Preliminary Power, Heat & Mass balance determined

• Determination of power generation plant (cogeneration, trigeneration, simple-cycle, combined-cycle, etc.)

• Basic unit operations defined

• Biomass fuel/feedstock rate (per hour)

• Energy output (synthesis gas and steam)

• Biomass Gasification plant efficiency determined

• Co/trigeneration or simple/combined cycle power plant efficiency

• Preliminary P&ID’s and ancillary equipment sized

• Capital Budget established

• Operations and Maintenance Budget determined

• Synthesis Gas Clean-up & Purification equipment selected (if required)

• Flue Gas Clean-up (if required)

• Emissions modeling and analysis

• Preliminary Economic Analysis

• Preliminary Return on Investment analysis

• Preliminary P&ID Diagrams

• Preliminary environmental analysis

• Preliminary utility Interconnect analysis

• Preliminary Power Purchase Agreement analysis

• Preliminary Greenhouse Gas Emissions credits analysis

• Preliminary REC (Renewable Energy Credit) analysis 

Our Detailed Engineering Design service typically includes the following deliverables:

• Plant layout drawings

• Equipment selection

• Final budget

• Mechanical drawings 

• Structural assembly drawings

• P&ID Diagrams

• Final Heat & Mass Balance

• Electrical and Instrumentation Diagrams

We can also provide " turn-key" Biomass Gasification services which, in addition to engineering, also includes; equipment procurement, project construction, project management and project commissioning services. 

Why Biomass Gasification may be the Best
Renewable Energy Technology to Invest in!

Comparison Chart of Renewable Energy Technologies
& the Potential Return on Investment

Type of Renewable Energy    Cost for 100 MW    *Capacity    Cost of        Footprint            Net Carbon
            Power Plant                         Power Plant        Factor        Energy          Space                 Emissions
                                                                                                                            (in acres)
        -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Concentrating Photovoltaic       $500 million               25%           $0.00            400 – 800             Zero
                                                                                                                                acres

Concentrating Solar Power        $400 million               25%           $0.00            700 acres              Zero

Wind Turbines/WindFarm         $300 million               25%           $0.00            500 – 3,000          Zero
                                                                                                                                  acres

Biomass Gasification Plant         $300 million                100%        could be paid       ½ acre                Zero
                                                                                                      as much as
                                                                                                      $30/ton - $90/ton
                                                                                                      for some biomass 
                                                                                                      feedstocks.
                                                                                                      ex. (sewage sludge)

* Capacity Factor:  number of hours per day, or per year that power could be generated from renewable resource

Biomass Gasification Engineering and Feasibility Studies

We provide Biomass Gasification Feasibility Studies for clients considering Biomass Gasification under a strict  "vendor neutral" basis.  

Our Biomass Gasification Feasibility Studies form the basic foundation in our client's decision-making process and the critical answers they seek regarding Biomass Gasification - do we move forward with our plans to build a Biomass Gasification plant?  Where should it be built? What are the optimum biomass feedstocks for this location?  What size plant should we build?  Who should build it?  Which Biomass Gasification plant do we choose? Can we sell our excess power to the grid?  

Our Biomass Gasification Feasibility Study will answer these important questions and more.  In the event you decide to move forward with our Biomass Gasification Engineering and Feasibility Study.  We require a 50% deposit to begin work.

Biomass Gasification Plants Now Available

We now offer several lines of Biomass Gasification plants that operate on virtually every biomass feedstock. 

Our Biomass Gasification plants provide our clients with maximum returns, which means the highest revenues with the lowest operating costs, from practically any biomass feedstock.  Our knowledge and expertise will help you maximize Biomass Gasification revenues at your facility.

Our Biomass Gasification engineering and project development solutions:

• "Turnkey" Biomass Gasification plants and project development services

• Project Engineering Feasibility & Economic Analysis Studies Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Permitting, Utility Interconnects, Power Purchase Agreements, Operations/Maintenance and Training

• Environmental Engineering & Permitting 

• Project Funding & Financing Options; including Equity Investment, Debt Financing, Lease and Municipal Lease

• Long-term Service Agreements

• Operations & Maintenance

• Green Tag Consulting Services (Renewable Energy Credit, Carbon Dioxide Credits, Emission Reduction Credits) available through our strategic partner provider, including Brokerage Services, Application and Permitting

• We will only select the best products and technologies for your operation as we seek the optimum environmental and economic solutions for our clients.

Frequently Asked Questions About Biomass & Biomass Gasification:

What is "Biomass"? 

Biomass is any sort of vegetation, including trees, grasses, and plant parts such as leaves, stems, and twigs. During photosynthesis, plants form carbohydrates, which form the building blocks of biomass. The solar energy that drives photosynthesis is stored in the chemical bonds of the biomass.

What is "Biomass Gasification"?

Biomass Gasification is the process in which Synthesis Gas is produced in the Biomass Gasification process. 

The Synthesis Gas is then used like any other fuel, such as natural gas, which is not a renewable fuel.

What is the difference between Biofuels, Biopower, and Bioproducts? 

In practice, we tend to use these three different terms for three different end uses — transportation, electric power or heat, and products such as chemicals and materials. "Biofuel" is short for biomass fuel. We use the term biofuels for liquid transportation fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, that can be produced from biomass. We tend to use "biopower" for biomass power systems that generate electricity or industrial process heat and steam, such as combined heat and power (CHP) systems. The term "bioproduct" is short for biomass products and can be used to describe a chemical, material, or other product derived from renewable biomass resources. Renewable bioproducts are products created from plant- or crop-based resources such as agricultural crops, crop residues, and forestry residues. These products may include fabrics, plastics, and chemicals. Many of the products that could be made from renewable resources are now made from petroleum.


How much biomass is used for energy today? 

Worldwide, biomass is the fourth largest energy resource after coal, oil, and natural gas. It is used for heating (such as wood stoves in homes), cooking, transportation (fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel), and for electric power generation. Researchers estimate that there are about 278 quadrillion Btu of installed biomass capacity worldwide. According to the Energy Information Administration, U.S. biomass energy consumption was more than 2.8 quadrillion Btu in 2004.

What is biomass power? 

Biomass power, or biopower, uses biomass feedstocks instead of conventional fossil fuels (natural gas or coal) to generate electricity. Biomass is one of the oldest fuels known to humanity. Although primitive, the campfire illustrates the nature of using biomass for power. When the biomass is burned, it produces heat. In a power plant, this heat is used to turn water into steam. The steam is then used to turn turbines, which are connected to electric generators. Biomass Gasifiers heat the biomass to convert it into a gas that can be used in power systems such as combustion turbines or fuel cells.


Is it possible to use biomass to fuel a backup electrical generation system for wind energy? 

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, Biomass Gasification is emerging as a promising technology to supply electricity and heat - especially to rural areas and businesses. These rural Biomass Gasification systems use locally available biomass fuels such as wood, crop waste, animal manures, and landfill gas.

Won't producing enough biomass for substituting petroleum require tying up our valuable agricultural land, which we need to meet our food needs? 

If the question for biomass production food versus fuel, then this would be significant limits to how much energy we could produce from our land. But this is not what happens today. Choosing to produce ethanol from corn grain does not eliminate that grain from the food supply. The starch in the grain is what we use to produce ethanol. The rest of the corn kernel is processed into animal feed and other food products. Any sustainable scenario for energy production on the farm will involve both food and energy production. That said, however, we recognize that land is ultimately the limiting factor in our ability to replace petroleum with biomass.

What are energy crops?

Energy crops are grown for the specific purpose of producing energy (electricity or liquid fuels) from all or part of the resulting plant. Switchgrass, alfalfa, willow, poplar, and eucalyptus are examples of plants that can be grown as energy crops.

What is the difference between ethanol from crops like corn and from cellulosic biomass? 

Grain crops such as corn yield starch or sugar, which can be readily fermented to ethanol. There is already a large, thriving, corn-to-ethanol industry in this country, and a substantial portion of the dry mill ethanol plants are owned by farmer cooperatives. Wet mill plants tend to be much larger and owned by large companies. Dry mill plants produce ethanol and animal feed (distillers dried grains).

Cellulosic biomass includes crop residues such as corn stover, as well as wood residues and wood and herbaceous energy crops, like yellow poplar and switchgrass respecively, which consists primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The first two can be broken down into their component sugars for subsequent fermentation, but that breakdown (hydrolysis) is a complex and challenging task.


Biomass Gasification Basics

Biomass fuels such as firewood and agriculture-generated residues and wastes are generally organic. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen along with some moisture. Under controlled conditions, characterized by low oxygen supply and high temperatures, most biomass materials can be converted into a gaseous fuel known as producer gas, which consists of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen. This thermo-chemical conversion of solid biomass into gaseous fuel is called biomass gasification. The producer gas so produced has low a calorific value (1000-1200 Kcal/Nm3), but can be burnt with a high efficiency and a good degree of control without emitting smoke. Each kilogram of air-dry biomass (10% moisture content) yields about 2.5 Nm3 of producer gas. In energy terms, the conversion efficiency of the biomass gasification process is in the range of 60%-70%.

Multiple Advantages of Biomass Gasification

Conversion of solid biomass into combustible gas has all the advantages associated with using gaseous and liquid fuels such as clean combustion, compact burning equipment, high thermal efficiency and a good degree of control. In locations, where biomass is already available at reasonable low prices (e.g. rice mills) or in industries using fuel wood, Biomass Gasifiers offer definite economic advantages. Biomass gasification technology is also environment-friendly, because of the firewood savings and reduction in CO2 emissions.

Biomass gasification technology has the potential to replace diesel and other petroleum products in several applications, foreign exchange.

Applications for Biomass Gasification

Thermal applications: cooking, water boiling, steam generation, drying etc.  Motive power applications: Using producer gas as a fuel in IC engines for applications such as water pumping Electricity generation: Using producer gas in dual-fuel mode in diesel engines/as the only fuel in spark ignition engines/in gas turbines.


What are Biomass Gasifiers?

Biomass Gasifiers are reactors that heat biomass in a low-oxygen environment to produce a fuel gas that contains from one fifth to one half (depending on the process conditions) the heat content of natural gas. The gas produced from a Biomass gasifiers can drive highly efficient devices such as turbines and fuel cells to generate electricity.

What is Synthesis Gas?

Synthesis Gas is produced through Biomass Gasification.  The Synthesis Gas is comprised of varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Our Biomass Gasification engineering and project development solutions:

• "Turnkey" Biomass Gasification plants

• Project Engineering Feasibility & Economic Analysis Studies Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Permitting, Utility Interconnects, Power Purchase Agreements, Operations/Maintenance and Training

• Environmental Engineering & Permitting 

• Project Funding & Financing Options; including Equity Investment, Debt Financing, Lease and Municipal Lease

• Long-term Service Agreements

• Operations & Maintenance

• Green Tag Consulting Services (Renewable Energy Credit, Carbon Dioxide Credits, Emission Reduction Credits) Brokerage Services; Application and Permitting

• We will only select the best products and technologies for your operation as we seek the optimum environmental and economic solutions for our clients.

What is Thermal Decomposition?

Thermal decomposition - sometimes referred to as "thermolysis" - is a chemical reaction wherein a chemical substance splits or decomposes into at least two chemical substances when heated. The reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break the chemical bonds of the material(s) undergoing decomposition. The decomposition temperature of a substance is the temperature at which the substance decomposes into its' constituent atoms.

What is Biomethane?

Biomethane is "renewable natural gas" made from organic sources - which starts out as "biogas" but then is cleaned up, removing the impurities in the biogas, such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

"Cleaned-up" and ready for use in an onsite cogeneration or trigeneration power plant, the Biomethane could also be sold to a pipeline company and completely replace the "natural gas" that is typically transported to markets via the vast underground pipeline system.

Biomethane will some day replace the "methane" that is sold by the local gas companies. 

Biomethane has an unlimited supply, whereas the methane sold by gas companies has a limited supply.  Biomethane is renewable, whereas the methane sold by your gas utility company is not renewable. Biomethane recovery, use and production generates "Greentags" or a "Renewable Energy Credit" for the owners and is GOOD for our environment.  The production and use of the natural gas sold by the gas company does NOT generate these incentives and new revenue streams and is NOT good for our environment.

As previously mentioned, Biomethane is "naturally" produced from organic materials as they decay.  Sources of Biomethane include; landfills, POTW's/Wastewaster Treatment Systems, and every tree or agricultural product that is no longer living.  Biomethane also generated from animal operations where manure can be collected and the Biomethane is generated from anaerobic digesters where the manure decomposes. 

Biomethane, after installation of the Biomethane equipment is essentially free, as opposed to buying natural gas, presently costing around $10.00/mmbtu. 

Methanogenesis, also called Biomethanation, is the production of CH4 and CO2 by biological processes that are carried out by methanogens.

Sewage Sludge
www.SewageSludge.com

We Turn Your City or County's Sewage Sludge Problems  
into Profits and Green Energy!

Renewable Energy Ventures provides solutions for your Sewage Sludge problems and other organic waste streams with one or more of the following: Anaerobic Digester, Anaerobic Lagoon, Biogas Recovery, BioMethane, Biomass Gasification, Biosolids to Energy, Landfill Gas To Energy and Sewage Sludge "problems into profits"  project development services.

Renewable Energy Ventures provides the following power and energy project development services:

• Project Engineering Feasibility & Economic Analysis Studies  

• Engineering, Procurement and Construction

• Environmental Engineering & Permitting 

• Project Funding & Financing Options; including Equity Investment, Debt Financing, Lease and Municipal Lease

• Shared/Guaranteed Savings Program with No Capital Investment from Qualified Clients 

• Project Commissioning 

• 3rd Party Ownership and Project Development

• Long-term Service Agreements

• Operations & Maintenance 

• Green Tag (Renewable Energy Credit, Carbon Dioxide Credits, Emission Reduction Credits) Brokerage Services; Application and Permitting

According to the United Nations: "It is estimated that Greenhouse Gas Emissions  trading markets could be worth $2 Trillion by 2012."

http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=433&ArticleID=4792&l=en

Biomethane -
the Perfect Renewable Fuel,
and Best of all Renewable Fuels?

As Biomethane is a near perfect fuel, and since Biomethane represents the best of all biofuels in terms of Recycling Carbon, and has the highest Net Energy Balance, and as Biomethane technologies such as Anaerobic Digesters and Biomass Gasification development increases and becomes even more commonplace, one of the fundamental questions is: what is the size of the potential biomass resource supply in the U.S.?

In April 2005, the DOE and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) co-published a report assessing the potential of the land resources in the U.S. for producing sustainable biomass: Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply. Looking at forestland and agricultural land, the two largest potential biomass sources, this study estimates that the U.S. can sustainably produce up to 1.3 billion tons of biomass feedstock by mid-century. This would be enough feedstock to produce 60 billion gallons of B100 Biodiesel and E100 Ethanol with today's technologies.

This study doesn't address the opportunities for Biomethane production from biomass feedstock or Biomass Gasification technologies. Some recent estimates indicate that Biomethane could replace up to 50% of present natural gas consumption in the U.S. and in some countries, such as Iceland, Biomethane already provides 100% of the natural gas requirements.

There are many assumptions in the Billion Ton Study report that impact these estimates, but we believe the estimates reasonably reflect the potential availability and impact of biomass resources.

Of the total estimated resource, the study suggests that forestlands in the contiguous United States can produce approximately 368 million dry tons annually. This projection includes 52 million dry tons of fuelwood harvested from forests and woodlands, 145 million dry tons of residues from wood processing mills and pulp and paper mills, 47 million dry tons of urban wood residues including construction and demolition debris, 64 million dry tons of residues from logging and site clearing operations, and 60 million dry tons of biomass from fuel treatment operations.

Biomass to Biofuels

By "converting" biomass wastes – such as municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, crop residues, energy crops, and manure – into biofuels, this will resolve the energy, environmental and political problems in an economical and environmentally sound manner - that will produce over one million new jobs.

According to Jeff Seisler, Director of the European Natural Gas Vehicle Association, "Biomethane has an outstanding potential as a multifaceted solution to multifaceted social problems: urban and agricultural waste management, water purification, and clean air. Urban and agricultural waste can be processed into usable methane, as can the sewage during the water purification process. Cleaning and compressing the gas for use in vehicles then provides cleaner air than petroleum-consuming vehicles."

Continuing, Mr. Seisler states about Biomethane; "this environmental 'closed loop waste-to-energy-to-fuel used in vehicles that again truck the next load of waste to the energy processing plants-substitutes fossil fuels with a renewable resource and reduces greenhouse gases 100% as compared to over gasoline vehicles (on a well-to-wheel basis).

According to Peter Boisen Chairman, of ENGVA, "various well respected European research institutes now estimate more than three times better fuel output per hectare of land used than if going for ethanol or biodiesel. Sweden currently has a 51% Biomethane share, and Switzerland 37%. France, Norway, Germany and Austria use smaller amounts for vehicles. Iceland, completely without natural gas, uses 100% biomethane in its NGVs," Boisen says.  Continuing, Boisen adds, "China, India, Korea, the Ukraine, Spain and Italy are other examples of countries now starting up projects where Biomethane will be used as a vehicle fuel." 

"With the energy efficiency of the gas production process at 50% to 70% it's hard to think of a more socially acceptable and economic energy value for the transportation sector," Boisen says.

"Governments need to get out of their liquid fuel paradigm to refocus and balance their policies and communications to support the development of a Biomethane infrastructure. In Europe Biomethane has the potential to replace 20% of the petroleum consumed in the transport sector by 2030."

1.  Biomethane is One of the Most Common and Harmful of All Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

2.  Biomethane is 21 Times More Harmful to the Climate than Carbon Dioxide Emissions.
     Stated another way, Biomethane Causes Global Warming and Climate Change to
     Increase 21 Times Faster than Carbon Dioxide Emissions. 

3.  Biomethane Is A "Renewable Natural Gas."

4.  Biomethane is One of the Easiest and Most Profitable of all Greenhouse Gas Emissions
     to Recover and Control.

WE PROVIDE CAP AND TRADE AND CARBON EMISSIONS 
TRADING & CONSULTING SERVICES, INCLUDING:

Assigned Amount Units
Cap and Trade
Carbon Credits
Carbon Dioxide Credits
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Carbon Emissions
Carbon Offset Projects
Carbon Trading
Clean Development Mechanism
Emission Abatement
Emission Reduction Units
Emissions Trading
European Emissions Trading
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading
Kyoto Protocol Compliant Solutions
Nitrogen Oxides
Renewable Energy Credits
Renewable Energy Project Development
Sulfur Dioxide
Verified Emission Reductions


For project consulting or more information, call:  
Tel. (832)1 7587 - 00274

Glossary of Terms

What is an Assigned Amount (AA)?

The quantity of greenhouse gases that an Annex I country can release in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol, during the first commitment period of that protocol (2008-12).


What is an Assigned Amount Unit (AAU)?

An Assigned Amount Unit (AAU) is a tradable unit of 1 tCO2e.

What are Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)?

According to the Kyoto Protocol, a Kyoto Protocol unit equal to 1 metric tonne of CO 2 equivalent. A CER is issued for emission reductions from CDM project activities. Two special types of CERs called temporary certified emission reduction (tCERs) and long-term certified emission reductions (lCERs) are issued for emission removals from forestation and reforestation CDM projects.

What is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)?

The Clean Development Mechanism is provided by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, designed to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development by permitting industrialized countries to finance projects for reducing greenhouse gas emission in developing countries and receive credit for doing so.

What is an Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA)?

An Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement is a binding purchase agreement signed between buyer (of CERs or ERUs) and seller.


What are Emission Reduction Credits (ERCs)?

Emission Reduction Credits are achieved through a Joint Implementation project. Emission Reduction Credits are equal to one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent.

What are Emissions Reductions (ERs)?

Emissions reductions generated by a project that have not undergone a validation/verification process, but are contracted for purchase.

What is Emissions Trading?

Emissions Trading allows for the transfer of AAUs across international borders or emission allowances between companies covered by a Cap and Trade program. However, it is a general term often used for the three Kyoto mechanisms: JI, CDM and emissions trading.


What is the Emissions Trading Scheme?

The ETS is the largest multi-national, greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world and is a main pillar of EU climate policy.


What is an ERC?

Emission Reduction Credits


What is the EU ETS?

European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.


What is an EUA?

European Union Allowance.


What is an European Union Allowances (EUA)?

Materialization of the EU ETS quotas, the tradable unit under the EU ETS. One EUA represents the right to emit 1 ton of CO2.


What is the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)

Trading Scheme within the European Union. The first compliance phase is from 2005 to 2007, while the second compliance phase continues from 2008 to 2012.

What is a Renewable Energy Certificate?

Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) - each REC represents the equivalent of one megawatt hour of electricity generation from an accredited renewable energy source. 

What is a Verified Emission Reduction (VER)?

A Verified Emission Reduction is one unit of greenhouse gas emissions reductions that have been verified by an independent auditor, but has not yet undergone the procedures and may not yet have met the requirements for verification, certification and issuance of CERs (in the case of the CDM) or ERCs (in the case of Joint Implementation) under the Kyoto Protocol. 

Buyers of Verified Emission Reductions assume all carbon-specific policy and regulatory risks (i.e. the risk that the VERs are not ultimately registered as Certified Emission Reductions or Emission Reduction Credits). Buyers therefore tend to pay a discounted price for VERs, which takes the inherent regulatory risks into account. Verified Emission Reductions are carbon credits which are not certified under the Kyoto Protocol but which can be used to compensate carbon emissions. 

One (1) Verified Emission Reduction corresponds to one metric tone of CO2 equivalent.


What is the Voluntary Market?

The Voluntary market is precisely that, a "voluntary" market for emissions reductions for buyers and sellers of Verified Emission Reduction (VERs), which seek to manage their emission exposure for non-regulatory purposes.

According to the United Nations:

"It is estimated that Greenhouse Gas Emissions 
trading markets could be worth $2 Trillion by 2012."

http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=433&ArticleID=4792&l=en

Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Since the year 1750

##

World CO2 since 1750 (cubic feet)

World Carbon Dioxide Emissions since 1750 (cubic feet)

The carbon clock tracks total carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons since 1750.

Since 1750, humans have emitted over 5 trillion pounds of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Roughly half of this has ended up in the oceans where it is beginning to damage the coral reefs. The other half is still in the atmosphere and causing global warming. Each pound of CO2 takes up as much space as a 500 pound person.

The formula (which should be good for a year or two) is:
C(t) = 2.58 ×1012 + 1240×t, where t is seconds since the start of 2007.

C is tonnes (metric tons) of carbon dioxide emissions.
2205 x C gives pounds of carbon dioxide emissions.

That comes to over 43 billion tons/year or over 86 trillion pounds/year.

Carbon dioxide (2) = 1 carbon atom with 2 oxygen atoms.
Carbon has relative weight 12 and Oxygen 16.
So it takes only 12 pounds of carbon to make 12+16+16 = 44 pounds of CO2.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions 
Responsible for Wiping Out Most Polar Bears

For More Information About Carbon Credits, Carbon Emissions,
Carbon Trading, Cap and Trade, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading, Environmental Credits - Consulting, Engineering or 
Carbon Offset Project Development Services, 

Tel.  (832)1 7587 - 00274

We support the Renewable Energy Institute by donating a portion of our profits to the Renewable Energy Institute in their efforts to reduce fossil fuel use through renewable energy and their goals to end pollution from Carbon Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 

The Renewable Energy Institute is "Changing The Way The World Does Energy by Providing Research & Development, Funding and Resources That Create Pollution Free Power, Carbon Free Energy & Renewable Energy Technologies"

Renewable Energy Institute

www.RenewableEnergyInstitute.org

Email:  info@RenewableEnergyInstitute.org