Cap and Trade
Solutions
The Renewable
Energy Institute is
now affiliated with a Solar H CPV
Our HCPV solar power plant is the ideal
solution for:
Minimum Size
Available: 1 MW Sites in Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico now available Utility Scale Solar Power: Highest Efficiencies - Lowest Costs See one of our following our sites for more infor,ation: www.ConcentratingPhotovoltaic.com www.ConcentrationPhotovoltaic.com www.ConcentratedSolarPower.com www.ConcentratingSolarPower.com www.HighConcentrationPhotovoltaic.com Call/email for more information Tel. (832) 758 - 0027 Email: info@CapAndTrade.net
"Cap and Trade" was originally implemented as a result of the 1990 Clean Air Act, where "Cap and Trade" was first implemented - and to a very huge success in reducing Sulfur Dioxide Emissions - the cause of "acid rain." In the proposed "Cap and Trade" program as it applies to capping the amount of Greenhouse Gas Emissions - the cap limits the amounts of global warming emissions - Greenhouse Gas Emissions - and more specifically, the amount of Carbon Dioxide Emissions - and gradually decreases the amounts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Dioxide Emissions that a country - or region, may produce. Cap and Trade allows the marketplace to reduce these Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a market-driven manner that provides for as smooth, efficient and orderly transition to "carbon free energy" and "pollution free power" as possible. Therefore, a “cap” is the legal limit on the quantity of Greenhouse Gas Emissions that a country or region may emit each year and the “trade” means that companies may trade among themselves the permission – (permits) – to emit Greenhouse Gas Emissions. A successful Cap and Trade market for capping Greenhouse Gas Emissions will enable those who can reduce pollution cheaply and inexpensively - to earn a return on their Greenhouse Gas Emissions reductions by the investment they made to reduce these emissions.... by selling extra allowances or permits in the marketplace. The Cap and Trade program, simultaneously, allows those companies who can’t reduce their Greenhouse Gas Emissions as inexpensively, to purchase those allowances or permits at a lower cost than the cost of investing in the equipment or technologies that would have reduced their own Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The Cap and Trade program permits all companies and participants to meet the total Greenhouse Gas Emissions cap in a very efficient and cost-effective manner. And it gives all those that do generate Greenhouse Gas Emissions economic incentives to find the least-cost solutions for reducing their Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
What is "Concentration Photovoltaic" and "High Concentration Photovoltaic" solar systems? Today's typical photovoltaic ("PV") solar panels and energy systems are stationary flat-plate photovoltaic panels that are seen on roof-tops of homes and commercial businesses. These photovoltaic systems are costly, covered with solar cells, and rely upon the direct illumination of sunlight on the entire surface of the PV panels. Unlike these typical PV panels, systems, "concentration photovoltaic" systems use a Fresnel lens that is located between the sun and the solar cells to focus and magnify sunlight onto the solar cells that are anywhere from 250 to 500 times smaller than the typical " one-sun" PV solar panels. Concentration photovoltaic systems effectively replaces inexpensive plastic (Fresnel) lenses in place of the expensive silicon solar cells. The efficiency of any solar-electric system increases if the sun is " tracked" to absorb the most direct normal sunlight. Today's concentration photovoltaic solar systems integrate "track" the sun, to maintain maximum energy transfer from the sun to the solar cells. They are completely automated and integrate a tracking software control system that is hydraulically-driven. Concentration photovoltaic solar systems integrate the Fresnel lens, solar cell, and solar receiver plate into the system. We provide Concentration Photovoltaic, High Concentration Photovoltaic and Concentrating Solar Power:
and other related consulting services. Our work is performed on a strict adherence to "vendor-neutrality." We seek to maximize the return on investment from both the economic and environmental aspects while simultaneously minimizing the operational expenses for our clients.
Concentrated solar power plants produce electric power by converting the sun's energy into high-temperature heat using various mirror configurations. The heat is then channeled through a conventional generator. The plants consist of two parts: one that collects solar energy and converts it to heat, and another that converts heat energy to electricity. Concentrated solar power systems can be sized for village power (10 kilowatts) or grid-connected applications (up to 100 megawatts). Some systems use thermal storage during cloudy periods or at night. Others can be combined with natural gas and the resulting hybrid power plants provide high-value, dispatchable power. These attributes, along with world record solar-to-electric conversion efficiencies, make concentrated solar power an attractive renewable energy option in the Southwest and other sunbelt regions worldwide.
Our Solar Energy Systems are now available for very little up-front costs - our Solar Energy Systems are the ideal solution for schools, hospitals, restaurants and other commercial businesses wanting to go green, without the large up-front costs. For qualified businesses, we will install our solar energy system on your roof, at little to no upfront costs! We are now installing *Free Solar Power Systems for qualified commercial businesses in California and Texas. To qualify for our Free Solar Power Systems, businesses must:
We expect ALL of our customers will be very happy knowing that the clean, green, renewable power they are using is:
To find out if your business qualifies for one of our Free Solar Power Systems, call (832) 758 - 0027 today! *
Terms, Conditions and Requirements for Free Solar Power Systems.
A Net Zero Energy Building produces as much energy as it uses over the course of a year. Net Zero Energy Buildings are very energy efficient. The remaining low energy needs are typically met with on-site renewable energy. There is no such thing as a "zero energy building." EVERY building uses energy. The important considerations are, 1. How efficient is the building? 2. How much energy does the building use? 3. How much "carbon free energy" or "pollution free power" is generated by the buildings' own onsite renewable energy system? 4. What are the
utility company's prices for the excess power generated and sent to the
grid? 5. How difficult is it to interconnect the renewable energy system of the building with the utility company's powerlines/electric grid? At the heart of Net Zero Energy Buildings is the idea that buildings can meet energy requirements from low-cost, locally available, nonpolluting, renewable sources.
Net Zero
Energy - when applied to a home or commercial building, simply means that
they generate as much power and energy as they consume, when measured on a
monthly or annual basis. Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CuInSe2) is a material that provides an extremely high absorption of light ( 99%) to be absorbed in the first micron of the material. Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide is projected to be the revolutionary material that some are saying, could put typical "central" power plants and some electric utilities, out of business, as it will be much cheaper for customers to generate their own onsite power with Thin Film Photovoltaics made from these materials. When additional small amounts of Gallium is added to Copper Indium diSelenide, this increases its' light-absorbing band gap, thereby making the solar panel more closely match the solar spectrum of the sun. This, in turn, increases the voltage and the efficiency of the Thin Film Photovoltaics solar panel. Solar panels produced with Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide cells have reached efficiencies of more than 20% - which is much higher than the other Thin Film Photovoltaics. Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide solar panels create more electricity from the same amount of sunlight than other Thin Film Photovoltaics panels. This translates into a higher conversion efficiency. The conversion efficiency of Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide PV technologies is very stable over time, meaning its power output remains stable over many years, while the power output of many other PV materials can rapidly decline with time.
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) are solar energy systems that are integrated into a part of the building, that serve as the building's exterior or the building's skin. Commercial buildings and facilities (including houses) that integrate their own solar power systems into the building's exteriors, are referred to as "power buildings." The technology that makes this possible is "Thin Film Photovoltaics."
Without a doubt, the most exciting technology in the solar power industry is "Thin Film Photovoltaics." Thin Film Photovoltaics technology represents the next big thing in renewable energy and solar power as it integrates nanotechnologies into the production of solar photovoltaics. According to the Department of Energy, the recent technological advances in thin film photovoltaics make this a very exciting time to be in the solar energy industry. These advances have led to many new developments in the components and manufacturing of thin film photovoltaics. This has made thin film photovoltaics cheaper to manufacture as they are also now easier to install since they are extremely versatile, flexible, bendable, and much lighter. Thin film photovoltaics have led many to believe that as much as 50% of our nation's future power will be generated by "power buildings" that integrate "building integrated photovoltaics" or "BIPV" into the building's skin or exterior surfaces, that convert sunlight into "pollution free power" for use in the building. This also designates these buildings (and homes) as "Net Zero Energy Buildings" and make the option for going grid-free, or not connecting to the grid, a real possibility. According to the Department of Energy, the market potential for printed electronics will grow into a $47 billion market by 2018. Thin film photovoltaics represents a significant portion of this market - and based on this heavily researched solar technology, thin film photovoltaics now represents a $20 billion/year industry in the U.S. The solar PV panels produced under the thin film photovoltaics umbrella have the potential to produce power significantly cheaper power than today’s typical silicon-based PV panels. The panels are usually made in the form of a monolithic piece of glass, upon which various thin films are deposited, although a number of firms are working on depositing the materials on a substrate, such as stainless steel or plastic. Types of Thin Film Photovoltaics – there are primarily three types of thin film photovoltaics and include:
Amorphous Silicon had the largest share of the thin film photovoltaics market through 2006. It has been researched for the longest period of time, may be the best understood material of the three and has been commercial for the longest. Cadmium Telluride has the remaining share and is growing. Thin Film Photovoltaics Advantages over Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics
What is Net Energy Metering? Net energy metering is used to measure a customer's total electric
consumption against that customer's total on-site electric generation. When
a customer's onsite generation of power exceeds the amount that they use, the customer's
solar energy system (or other renewable energy system) exports the extra electricity to the
grid. When the power requirements of the customer exceeds their onsite
generation of power, the customer imports the electricity they need from
electric grid. The customer pays the electric company for any extra power they
use over the amount they generate - OR - the customer receives a credit or
refund from the electric company if they exported more power to the grid, than
what they consumed. Renewable Energy Is Necessary for Net Zero Energy BuildingsMuch focus is placed on energy efficiency as the most cost-effective way to reduce energy use in commercial buildings. However, consumption can be reduced only so much. There is a point at which the cost of adding efficiency measures is higher than that of using renewable energy such as thin film photovoltaics and other solar energy systems. Aggressive energy efficiency strategies can reduce a building's energy consumption by 50% to 70%. Renewable energy technologies must be used to reach the goal of a net-zero energy building (NZEB). Supply-Side TechnologiesVarious supply-side renewable energy technologies are available for Net Zero Energy Buildings. Supply-side technologies, often called energy producers, collect natural energy and transform it into a useful form. Examples of these technologies include PV, solar hot water, wind, hydroelectric, and biofuels. Ranking of Energy OptionsAll renewable sources are favorable over conventional energy sources such as coal and natural gas; however, the U.S. Department of Energy recommends the following ranking for these options (the lower numbers are preferable):
This hierarchy is weighted toward renewable technologies within the building footprint and site. Rooftop PV and solar water heating are the most applicable supply-side technologies for Net Zero Energy Buildings. Other supply-side technologies such as parking lot-based wind or solar energy systems may be available. The goal in developing the ranking was to encourage technologies that:
Solar
Trigeneration "Solar
Trigeneration™"
is Here!! Our "Solar Trigeneration™" Power and Energy Systems Solar Energy Systems provides cooler, cleaner, greener power and energy project development services. We specialize in renewable energy technologies and renewable fuels including; B100 Biodiesel, Biomethane, E100 Ethanol and Synthesis Gas. Our Solar Energy Systems are an environmentally-friendly and economically-superior choice to expensive natural gas and electricity. Additionally, our renewable energy technologies generate "green tags" or a Renewable Energy Credit. We provide
Solar
Power and Energy systems that we refer
to as "ecogeneration" solutions that produce cooler,
cleaner, greener power and energy for our customers and our environment.
Unlike most companies, we are equipment supplier/vendor neutral.
This means we help our clients select the best equipment for their
specific application. This approach provides our customers with superior
performance, decreased operating expenses and increased return on
investment. Our company provides turn-key project solutions that include all or part of the following:
For more information: call us at: 832-758-0027
Net
Zero Energy Buildings The Audubon
Nature
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We
Package, Sell and Install Highly-efficient
Cogeneration and Trigeneration
energy systems
Trigeneration Technologies, LLC. is a privately held company that was founded by
two of the board members of the Renewable Energy Institute. We assist in
the optimization of bulk power systems by engineering, developing, installing,
owning and operating highly efficient cogeneration
and trigeneration energy systems.
Our specialty is both both cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems. There is probably not a better, more cost-effective "demand side management" method for reducing the energy expenses for commercial businesses.
We manufacture/package, sell and install cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems that approach 100% net system efficiency. This means our energy systems utilize nearly 100% of the fuel in the form of power (electricity) and hot water and/or steam with our cogeneration energy systems and cooling, heating and power (electricity) with our trigeneration energy systems - that our customers use "onsite" in their buildings, restaurants, health clubs, hotels, casinos, office buildings, hospitals and many other types of commercial buildings, facilities and plants.
For qualified clients, we will build-design-finance-own-operate and maintain our cogeneration or trigeneration energy systems.
What is "Trigeneration"?
Trigeneration is the simultaneous production of three forms of energy - typically, Cooling, Heating and Power - from only one fuel input. Put another way, our trigeneration power plants produce three different types of energy for the price of one.
Our company's trigeneration energy systems reach overall system efficiencies of 86% to 93%. Typical "central" power plants, that do not need the heat generated from the combustion and power generation process, are only about 33% efficient.

Trigeneration
Diagram & Description
Trigeneration Power Plants' Have the
Highest System Efficiencies and are
About 300 % More Efficient than Typical Central Power Plants
Trigeneration plants are installed at locations that can benefit from all three forms of energy. These types of installations that install trigeneration energy systems are called "onsite power generation" also referred to as "decentralized energy."
One of our company's principal's first experience with the design and development of a trigeneration power plant was the trigeneration power plant installation at Rice University in 1987 where our trigeneration development team started out by conducting a "cogeneration" feasibility study. We installed a 4.0 MW Ruston gas turbine for the power plant. Rice University selected an EPC company that installed the trigeneration power plant, along with waste heat recovery boilers and absorption chillers. A "waste heat recovery boiler" captures the heat from the exhaust of the gas turbine. From there, the recovered energy was converted to chilled water - originally from (3) Hitachi Absorption Chillers - 2 were rated at 1,000 tons each, and the third Hitachi Absorption Chiller was rated at 1,500 tons. The Hitachi absorption chillers were replaced shortly after their installation by the EPC company. The first trigeneration plant at Rice University was so successful, they added a second 5.0 MW trigeneration plant so today, Rice University is now generating about 9.0 MW of electricity, and also producing the cooling and heating the university needs from the trigeneration plant and circulating the trigeneration energy around its campus.

Trigeneration Chart
Trigeneration's
"Super-Efficiency" compared
with other competing technologies
As you can see, there is No Competition for Trigeneration!
Our trigeneration power plants are
the ideal onsite power and energy solution for customers that include:
Data Centers, Hospitals, Universities, Airports, Central Plants, Colleges &
Universities, Dairies, Server Farms, District Heating & Cooling Plants, Food
Processing Plants, Golf/Country Clubs, Government Buildings, Grocery Stores,
Hotels, Manufacturing Plants, Nursing Homes, Office Buildings / Campuses,
Radio Stations, Refrigerated Warehouses, Resorts, Restaurants, Schools, Server
Farms, Shopping Centers, Supermarkets, Television Stations, Theatres and
Military Bases.
We partner and collaborate with other forward thinking companies and communities that are interested in changing the outdated power and energy model of the past - inefficient and highly-polluting central power plants that average 33% efficiency - to a new paradigm and model for the future - community-based cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems at more than 90% efficiency - and therefore provides power and energy at lower prices while significantly reducing and even eliminating typical power plant emissions and greenhouse gas emissions.
Call (832) 758 - 0027 for more information about community-based cogeneration and trigeneration energy systems or about making your community, hospital, university or other commercial facility a model for the future.
We presently contract the packaging of our new trigeneration energy systems by a 3rd party/supplier but plan to build a new trigeneration manufacturing plant - near Houston, Texas where we will be able to significantly increase our trigeneration power plant production.
At about 86% to 93% net system efficiency, our trigeneration power plants are about 300% more efficient at providing energy than your current electric utility. That's because the typical electric utility's power plants are only about 33% efficient - they waste 2/3 of the fuel in generating electricity in the enormous amount of waste heat energy that they exhaust through their smokestacks.
Trigeneration is defined as the simultaneous production of three energies: cooling, heating and power. Our trigeneration energy systems use the same amount of fuel in producing three energies that would normally only produce just one type of energy. This means our customers that have our trigeneration power plants have significantly lower energy expenses, and a lower carbon footprint.
Our smallest trigeneration power plant "basic" power plant is a 200 kW trigeneration system.
All of our trigeneration power plants can produce 42 degree F. chilled water (with a 20 degree chilled water option) as well as steam and hot water while generating at least 200 kW of power. We can build trigeneration power plants up to 10 MW and with system efficiencies approaching 100%.
Read more about our Trigeneration Power Plants on our Specifications page.
Not sure what size trigeneration power plant to order or whether trigeneration is right for your business?
We can help!
Not sure what size trigeneration power plant to order or whether trigeneration is right for your business?
We can help as we offer three types of Trigeneration Feasibility Reviews & Studies!
Our Trigeneration Feasibility will help you make a decision whether one of our trigeneration power plants are right for your facility.
Trigeneration
Feasibility Study and Analysis
Provides a solid basis for moving a potential renewable energy project forward. The cost for this depends on the type, location, amount of time we require, and any additional requirements that may be included by the client.
Generally, a trigeneration feasibility study a good option for clients considering trigeneration that need a trigeneration energy system that is over 1.0 MW and up to about 3.0 MW.
The time required to complete the study is about 90 to 120 days, on average.
The final study we deliver is usually the basis for the customer to obtain a loan, power purchase agreement, energy services agreement or placing an order with us.
To start a Trigeneration Preliminary Study and Analysis, we require a 50% cash payment of the study cost plus a refundable deposit for our reimbursable expenses.
Trigeneration
Detailed Concept, Engineering and Design Analysis
The detailed engineering design is a good option for clients that would need a trigeneration energy system with an estimated trigeneration energy system over 3.0 MW and above. In a detailed engineering design, the trigeneration energy system is conceived, designed and engineered as a custom fit and optimized energy solution for your specific facility.
Final result is usually ready for a company to start construction. A detailed engineering design can take from 4 months to 6 months to complete. The fee will generally run as a percentage of the total installed cost of the trigeneration energy system, and generally costs anywhere from 5% to 15% of the overall cost of the project.
To start a detailed trigeneration engineering design, we require a 50% cash payment of the total fee plus a refundable deposit for our reimbursable expenses.
Our trigeneration feasibility studies and engineering design are led by our licensed engineers. Our goal is to help you determine whether your renewable energy is viable, identify the merits of your proposed renewable energy project, identify weak points, provide our recommended course of action, as well as our recommendations for products and equipment that need further review or consideration. Our Feasibility Studies are an excellent "foundation" for building your next renewable energy project.
If you order your new trigeneration power plant from us within 30 days of the date of delivery of our Trigeneration Feasibility Review or Study, we will reduce the cost of your new trigeneration power plant by half the cost of the study and apply the fee to the purchase.
Trigeneration is a technology whose time as come! Particularly for commercial clients who want to decrease their energy expenses and carbon footprint, while increasing energy efficiency and profits. This is possible as our trigeneration power plants surpass 90% net system efficiency.
This is possible through our trigeneration power plants that surpass 90% system efficiency for our clients that need cooling, heating and power - which covers about 99% of all commercial buildings and companies.
While most new trigeneration power plants are capable of being fueled with clean natural gas, we are dedicated to ending the use of fossil fuels by providing renewable energy and renewable fuels such as B100 Biodiesel or Biomethane. Simultaneously, we are focused on reducing and eliminating greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide emissions.
In association with the Renewable Energy Institute, affiliate companies and investors, we provide "turnkey" trigeneration power plant development services that range from initial Engineering Feasibility & Economic Analysis Studies through project installation, start-up and commissioning, Operations & Maintenance, and Long Term Service Agreements for the lifetime of our systems.
Trigeneration Technologies' trigeneration energy systems' net system's efficiencies surpass any potential competitor. We guarantee our standard trigeneration power plants will exceed 90% net system efficiency.
Our trigeneration plants can use renewable fuels such as Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel or Dimethyl Ether, instead of fossil fuels to run them. We also offer an optional selective catalytic reduction technology that takes NOx down to "non-detect" without the use of ammonia or urea on our new trigeneration plants.
Our range of services (some provided by affiliate companies or manufacturing suppliers) include:
Design/engineering, Engineering Feasibility and Economic Analysis Studies
Legal
Energy Service Agreements
Power Purchase Agreements
Build
Finance
Own
Operate
Maintain
Long Term Service Agreements
Our renewable energy projects generate Renewable Energy Credit or Certified Emission Reduction credits, which provide an additional income stream from our projects.
"The Trigeneration
Experts" - the ONLY
Company that Builds Integrated Trigeneration
Plants on a Single Skid with Effective System Efficiencies that Exceed 90%.
Our Optional SCR System Reduces Nitrogen Oxides To "Non-Detect"
Without Ammonia or Urea
Our
small footprint Trigeneration
Plants measurements are: 15'
wide by 15' in height by and 55' in length
We Can Design, Build, and
Install Your New Trigeneration
Power Plant and have it
online in less than 130 - 150 days!
Our "Turnkey" Integrated Trigeneration
Energy Systems are Available from 60 kW to over 10 MW with system efficiencies
> 90% While Providing Practically-free Heating (and Cooling with
Trigeneration) and generating power for commercial and industrial customers for
as low as 4 cents/kW! We are the only company that builds, fabricates,
packages (on a single skid) and "integrates" Trigeneration
power plants.
Standard Trigeneration Power Plants sizes in kW:
200 kW
450 kW
750 kW
250 kW
500 kW
800 kW
300 kW
600 kW
850 kW
400 kW
700 kW
900 kW
Standard Cogeneration and Trigeneration Power Plants sizes in MW:
1 MW
2 MW 3 MW
4 MW 5 MW
Read more about our Trigeneration Power Plants on our Specifications page.
NOTE:
We will NOT use the following:
Capstone microturbines
Daewoo engines
GE Power
Jenbacher
Kawasaki turbines
Guascor engines
in ANY of our cogeneration or
trigeneration power plants.
Our
territory includes the U.S.A., Canada, the Caribbean
and Central America.
We can package any combination of standard size plants to come up with your optimum size system. Our standard and customized Trigeneration power plants use the leading brands of reciprocating engines or turbines and include our proprietary Waste Heat Recovery technologies that help us achieve system efficiencies greater than 90% and effective heat rates as low as 4050 btu's/kW. We provide both standard and customized Trigeneration plants that meet our customer's most stringent economic and environmental requirements.
Our c Power Plants can run on renewable fuels for even greater environmental and economic savings! These fuels or energy sources include: Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel, Dimethyl-Ether, Synthesis Gas and natural gas. Net system efficiencies of our Trigeneration power plants are now exceeding 90% with up to 95% lower emissions when using Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel, Dimethyl-Ether or Synthesis Gas as the fuel for Trigeneration power plants.
For pricing and delivery information on our Cogeneration, Trigeneration, Biomethane or B100 Biodiesel power plants, call (832) 758 - 0027 or send an email with your project's requirements to: info@trigeneration.com
Read more about our Trigeneration Power Plants on our Specifications page.
Our
New "Integrated" Trigeneration
Plants Have
Very High Efficiencies & Low Fuel Costs
The Effective Heat Rate is Approximately
4050 btu/kW & System Efficiency is 92%
Pictures
of our latest Cogeneration Plant Presently Being Built for New Customer.
This Cogeneration Plant is Rated at 900 kW and Features (2) Natural Gas Engines
@ 450 kW each on one Skid.



Our
onsite trigeneration power and energy system can be an ideal solution for
customers wanting increased power reliability and decreased energy and
environmental costs. A few of the types of buildings and businesses that
would benefit from an onsite trigeneration plant include the following:
Airports
Casinos
Central Plants
Colleges & Universities
Dairies
Data Centers & Server Farms
District Heating & Cooling plants
Food Processing Plants
Golf/Country Clubs
Government
Buildings and Facilities
Grocery Stores
Hospitals
Hotels
Manufacturing Plants
Military
Bases
Nursing Homes
Office
Buildings / Campuses
Radio Stations
Refrigerated
Warehouses
Resorts
Restaurants
Schools
Server Farms
Shopping centers
Supermarkets
Television Stations
Theatres
For pricing and delivery information on our cogeneration or trigeneration energy systems, call (832) 758 - 0027 or send an email with your goals, objectives and requirements to: info@trigeneration.com
We would be interested in meeting with potential joint venture partners who are
as committed and passionate as we are about making a difference in the world by
assisting us with the capital we need to begin producing our +/- 90% efficient cogeneration
and trigeneration energy systems
which will soon be located on the roof (or next to the building) of thousands of
commercial business - such as fast food restaurants, restaurants, convenience
stores, office buildings, medical/dental professional buildings,
supermarkets/grocery stores, hospitals, casinos, universities, dairies, data
centers and server farms.
Equity positions now available for qualified joint venture partners in multiple trigeneration projects we are seeking to develop with leading Fortune 1000 companies. Our joint venture equity partners will assist us with manufacturing our cogeneration or trigeneration plants and start installing them on the roof-tops or next to our customer's facilities - pending orders from hospitals and restaurants who have agreed to purchase all of our energy generated from our trigeneration plants through our Energy Services Agreement (similar to a Power Purchase Agreement except in the case of an Energy Services Agreement, we also sell the hot water/steam and chilled water, in addition to the electricity our trigeneration plants generate).
Our
cogeneration or trigeneration
energy systems will;
* forever change the way that energy is generated and used.
* will be fueled with "green fuels" such as; Biomethane, B100 Biodiesel, Synthesis Gas (generated from biomass feedstock and "converted" through Biomass Gasification plants), Dimethyl Ether or Solar Energy.
* eliminate or greatly reduce our customer's electric demand charges.
*
significantly increase the amount of renewable energy used in the U.S. and
around the world when renewable fuels such as Biomethane,
B100 Biodiesel, Synthesis
Gas or Dimethyl Ether
* stop/reverse climate change by reducing greenhouse
gas emissions and carbon
dioxide emissions.
* reduce and eventually eliminate the use of "fossil fuels."
*
reduce the need for inefficient and expensive central power plants owned by
utility companies.
* promote energy independence.
* end America's dependence on oil from OPEC and other countries in the Middle-East, Venezuela and end our need for importing natural gas from Russia.
Prospective joint venture partners are invited to send an introductory email regarding your interests in renewable energy along with your financial abilities and expectations to: info@Trigeneration.com
____________________________________________________________________________________
Biomass
Gasification
www.BiomassGasification.com
Biomass Gasification is One of the
Few
Technologies that Produces "Carbon Negative Energy"
We provide turnkey Biomass Gasification Solutions for
the Following Biomass Waste Streams
Agricultural Waste
Breweries
Coal
C&D - Construction and Demolition Debris/Waste
Cotton Gin Waste
Cow Manure
Dairy Manure
DDGS
Distilleries
Ethanol Plants
Food Processing
Food Waste
Forest Residue
Forestry Waste
Glycerin
MSW - Municipal Solid Waste
Petroleum Coke
Railroad Ties
Paper Sludge
Peanut Hulls
Poultry Litter
Refuse Derived Fuel
Rice Husks
Sewage Sludge
Timber
Urban Wood Waste
Waste Coal
Wastewater
Wineries
Wood/Wood waste
Wood Chips
and many more!
Renewable Energy Ventures, LLC. provides "vendor-neutral" Biomass Gasification engineering and renewable energy project development services - including turnkey Biomass Gasification plants, cogeneration plants and trigeneration plants - all of which can be fueled with the Synthesis Gas produced from our Biomass Gasification plants.
Our Biomass Gasification engineering and renewable energy project development services include: Carbon Credits and Carbon Emissions Consulting, Design, Engineering, Environmental, Feasibility Studies, Feedstock, Legal, Onsite Power Generation (cogeneration or trigeneration) & Greenhouse Gas Emissions consulting for projects located in the U.S. and Canada.
We also provide renewable energy engineering services for clients with projects located in Central America and the Caribbean.
Our lead engineer and company's partner has almost 30 years experience in biomass engineering. We specialize in "waste to energy" project development services, and have experience in the following:
Anaerobic Digesters
B100 Biodiesel
Biodiesel Plants
Biogas Plants
Biogas to Biomethane
Biomass Gasification
Biomethane
Carbon Free Energy
Cogeneration
Concentrating Solar Power
Decentralized Energy
Demand Side Management
Distributed Generation
Geothermal Power Plants
Ground Source Heat Pumps
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Onsite Power Generation
"Natural Wastewater Treatment Plants"
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
Plasma Gasification
Pollution Free Power
Solar Cogeneration
Solar Trigeneration
Thin Film Photovoltaics
Trigeneration
Waste To Energy
Waste to Fuel
Wind Farm Development
Wind Power Generation
Renewable Energy Ventures is a privately-held company started by two of the directors at the Renewable Energy Institute.
Renewable Energy Ventures provides Biomass Gasification engineering and Biomass Gasification
project development services.
Moving forward with us - next steps
Typically, we are engaged by new clients after they have identified a potential biomass feedstock. We require an initial retainer from new clients. The amount of the retainer is based upon the number of hours and resources for the specific Biomass Gasification project. Biomass Gasification engineering and biomass feedstock engineering studies are led by our partner who is a licensed engineer and has engineering degrees including Bachelor's, Master's and Ph.D. along with nearly 30 years experience in biomass and waste to energy technologies.
The majority of our clients are seeking the optimum Biomass Gasification solution for their company's goals, objectives, and feedstock. To determine the optimum Biomass Gasification solution, we normally start by supplying our customers with a Biomass Engineering Feasibility and Economic Study. Again, our fees are dependent on the number of variables and the final, agreed upon Scope of Services Agreement.
In the event that the client has a study, and is satisfied with the results, we can begin by starting the EPC (Engineering-Procurement-Construction) process.
INITIAL BIOMASS GASIFICATION ENGINEERING DESIGN SERVICES:
On a strictly "vendor-neutral" basis, we help client's with their
Biomass Gasification goals, objectives and budget through our Initial Biomass
Gasification Engineering Design.
Our Initial Engineering Design service is the primary instrument most of our clients use to make a "go - no go" decision regarding specific Biomass Gasification projects. In addition, our Initial Engineering Design service oftentimes helps our clients secure additional investment capital or otherwise provides project financing.
Our Initial Engineering Design service typically includes the following deliverables:
Basic Biomass Gasification system identified (manufacturer)
Biomass Gasification plant operations identified
Biomass analysis
Preliminary Power, Heat & Mass balance determined
Determination of power generation plant (cogeneration, trigeneration, simple-cycle, combined-cycle, etc.)
Basic unit operations defined
Biomass fuel/feedstock rate (per hour)
Energy output (synthesis gas and steam)
Biomass Gasification plant efficiency determined
Co/trigeneration or simple/combined cycle power plant efficiency
Preliminary P&ID’s and ancillary equipment sized
Capital Budget established
Operations and Maintenance Budget determined
Synthesis Gas Clean-up & Purification equipment selected (if required)
Flue Gas Clean-up (if required)
Emissions modeling and analysis
Preliminary Economic Analysis
Preliminary Return on Investment analysis
Preliminary P&ID Diagrams
Preliminary environmental analysis
Preliminary utility Interconnect analysis
Preliminary Power Purchase Agreement analysis
Preliminary Greenhouse Gas Emissions credits analysis
Preliminary REC (Renewable Energy Credit) analysis
Our Detailed Engineering Design service typically includes the following deliverables:
Plant layout drawings
Equipment selection
Final budget
Mechanical drawings
Structural assembly drawings
P&ID Diagrams
Final Heat & Mass Balance
Electrical and Instrumentation Diagrams
We can also provide " turn-key" Biomass Gasification services which, in addition to engineering, also includes; equipment procurement, project construction, project management and project commissioning services.
Why
Biomass Gasification may be the Best
Renewable Energy Technology to Invest in!
Comparison
Chart of Renewable Energy Technologies
& the Potential Return on Investment
Type of Renewable
Energy
Cost for 100 MW *Capacity
Cost of
Footprint
Net Carbon
Power Plant
Power Plant
Factor
Energy
Space
Emissions
(in acres)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Concentrating Photovoltaic $500 million
25% $0.00
400 – 800
Zero
acres
Concentrating Solar Power $400 million 25% $0.00 700 acres Zero
Wind Turbines/WindFarm
$300 million
25%
$0.00
500 – 3,000 Zero
acres
Biomass
Gasification Plant
$300 million
100%
could be paid
˝
acre
Zero
as much as
$30/ton - $90/ton
for some biomass
feedstocks.
ex. (sewage sludge)
* Capacity Factor:
number of hours per day, or per year that power could be generated
from renewable resource
Biomass Gasification Engineering and Feasibility Studies
We provide Biomass Gasification Feasibility Studies for clients considering Biomass Gasification under a strict "vendor neutral" basis.
Our Biomass Gasification Feasibility Studies form the basic foundation in our client's decision-making process and the critical answers they seek regarding Biomass Gasification - do we move forward with our plans to build a Biomass Gasification plant? Where should it be built? What are the optimum biomass feedstocks for this location? What size plant should we build? Who should build it? Which Biomass Gasification plant do we choose? Can we sell our excess power to the grid?
Our Biomass Gasification Feasibility Study will answer these important questions and more. In the event you decide to move forward with our Biomass Gasification Engineering and Feasibility Study. We require a 50% deposit to begin work.
Biomass Gasification Plants Now Available
We now offer several lines of Biomass Gasification plants that operate on virtually every biomass feedstock.
Our Biomass Gasification plants provide our clients with maximum returns, which means the highest revenues with the lowest operating costs, from practically any biomass feedstock. Our knowledge and expertise will help you maximize Biomass Gasification revenues at your facility.
Our
Biomass Gasification engineering and project development solutions:
"Turnkey" Biomass Gasification plants and project development services
Project Engineering Feasibility & Economic Analysis Studies Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Permitting, Utility Interconnects, Power Purchase Agreements, Operations/Maintenance and Training
Environmental Engineering & Permitting
Project Funding & Financing Options; including Equity Investment, Debt Financing, Lease and Municipal Lease
Long-term Service Agreements
Operations & Maintenance
Green Tag Consulting Services (Renewable Energy Credit, Carbon Dioxide Credits, Emission Reduction Credits) available through our strategic partner provider, including Brokerage Services, Application and Permitting
We will only select the best products and technologies for your operation as we seek the optimum environmental and economic solutions for our clients.
Frequently
Asked Questions About Biomass & Biomass Gasification:
What is "Biomass"?
Biomass is any sort of vegetation, including trees, grasses, and plant parts such as leaves, stems, and twigs. During photosynthesis, plants form carbohydrates, which form the building blocks of biomass. The solar energy that drives photosynthesis is stored in the chemical bonds of the biomass.
What is "Biomass Gasification"?
Biomass Gasification is the process in which Synthesis Gas is produced in the Biomass Gasification process.
The Synthesis Gas is then used like any other fuel, such as natural gas, which is not a renewable fuel.
What is the difference between Biofuels, Biopower, and Bioproducts?
In practice, we tend to use these three different terms for three different end uses — transportation, electric power or heat, and products such as chemicals and materials.
"Biofuel" is short for biomass fuel. We use the term biofuels for liquid transportation fuels, such as ethanol and
biodiesel, that can be produced from biomass. We tend to use "biopower" for biomass power systems that generate electricity or industrial process heat and steam, such as combined heat and power
(CHP) systems. The term "bioproduct" is short for biomass products and can be used to describe a chemical, material, or other product derived from renewable biomass resources. Renewable bioproducts are products created from plant- or crop-based resources such as agricultural crops, crop residues, and forestry residues. These products may include fabrics, plastics, and chemicals. Many of the products that could be made from renewable resources are now made from petroleum.
How much biomass is used for energy today?
Worldwide, biomass is the fourth largest energy resource after coal, oil, and natural gas. It is used for heating (such as wood stoves in homes), cooking, transportation (fuels such as ethanol and
biodiesel), and for electric power generation. Researchers estimate that there are about 278 quadrillion Btu of installed biomass capacity worldwide. According to the Energy Information Administration, U.S. biomass energy consumption was more than 2.8 quadrillion Btu in 2004.
What is biomass power?
Biomass power, or biopower, uses biomass feedstocks instead of conventional fossil fuels (natural gas or coal) to generate electricity. Biomass is one of the oldest fuels known to humanity. Although primitive, the campfire illustrates the nature of using biomass for power. When the biomass is burned, it produces heat. In a power plant, this heat is used to turn water into steam. The steam is then used to turn turbines, which are connected to electric generators.
Biomass Gasifiers heat the biomass to convert it into a gas that can be used in power systems such as combustion turbines or fuel cells.
Is it possible to use biomass to fuel a backup electrical generation system for wind energy?
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, Biomass Gasification is emerging as a promising technology to supply electricity and heat
- especially to rural areas and businesses. These rural Biomass Gasification systems use locally available biomass fuels such as wood, crop waste, animal manures, and landfill gas.
Won't producing enough biomass for substituting petroleum require tying up our valuable agricultural land, which we need to meet
our food needs?
If the question for biomass production food versus fuel, then this would be significant limits to how much energy we could produce from our land. But this is not what happens today. Choosing to produce ethanol from corn grain does not eliminate that grain from the food supply. The starch in the grain is what we use to produce ethanol. The rest of the corn kernel is processed into animal feed and other food products. Any sustainable scenario for energy production on the farm will involve both food and energy production. That said, however, we recognize that land is ultimately the limiting factor in our ability to replace petroleum with biomass.
What are energy crops?
Energy crops are grown for the specific purpose of producing energy (electricity or liquid fuels) from all or part of the resulting plant. Switchgrass, alfalfa, willow, poplar, and eucalyptus are examples of plants that can be grown as energy crops.
What is the difference between ethanol from crops like corn and from cellulosic biomass?
Grain crops such as corn yield starch or sugar, which can be readily fermented to ethanol. There is already a large, thriving, corn-to-ethanol industry in this country, and a substantial portion of the dry mill ethanol plants are owned by farmer cooperatives. Wet mill plants tend to be much larger and owned by large companies. Dry mill plants produce ethanol and animal feed (distillers dried grains).
Cellulosic biomass includes crop residues such as corn stover, as well as wood residues and wood and herbaceous energy crops, like yellow poplar and switchgrass respecively, which consists primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The first two can be broken down into their component sugars for subsequent fermentation, but that breakdown (hydrolysis) is a complex and challenging task.
Biomass Gasification Basics
Biomass fuels such as firewood and agriculture-generated residues and wastes are generally organic. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen along with some moisture. Under controlled conditions, characterized by low oxygen supply and high temperatures, most biomass materials can be converted into a gaseous fuel known as producer gas, which consists of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen. This thermo-chemical conversion of solid biomass into gaseous fuel is called
biomass gasification. The producer gas so produced has low a calorific value (1000-1200 Kcal/Nm3), but can be burnt with a high efficiency and a good degree of control without emitting smoke. Each kilogram of air-dry biomass (10% moisture content) yields about 2.5 Nm3 of producer gas. In energy terms, the conversion efficiency of the
biomass gasification process is in the range of 60%-70%.
Multiple Advantages of
Biomass Gasification
Conversion of solid biomass into combustible gas has all the advantages associated with using gaseous and liquid fuels such as clean combustion, compact burning equipment, high thermal efficiency and a good degree of control. In locations, where biomass is already available at reasonable low prices (e.g. rice mills) or in industries using fuel wood,
Biomass
Gasifiers offer definite economic advantages. Biomass gasification technology is also environment-friendly, because of the firewood savings and reduction in CO2 emissions.
Biomass gasification technology has the potential to replace diesel and other petroleum products in several applications, foreign exchange.
Applications for
Biomass Gasification
Thermal applications: cooking, water boiling, steam generation, drying etc.
Motive power applications: Using producer gas as a fuel in IC engines for applications such as water pumping Electricity generation: Using producer gas in dual-fuel mode in diesel engines/as the only fuel in spark ignition engines/in gas turbines.
What
are Biomass
Gasifiers?
Biomass Gasifiers are reactors that heat biomass in a low-oxygen environment to produce a fuel gas that contains from one fifth to one half (depending on the process conditions) the heat content of natural gas. The gas produced from a Biomass gasifiers can drive highly efficient devices such as turbines and fuel cells to generate electricity.
What
is Synthesis Gas?
Synthesis Gas is produced through Biomass Gasification. The Synthesis Gas is comprised of varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Our Biomass Gasification engineering and project development solutions:
"Turnkey" Biomass Gasification plants
Project Engineering Feasibility & Economic Analysis Studies Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Permitting, Utility Interconnects, Power Purchase Agreements, Operations/Maintenance and Training
Environmental Engineering & Permitting
Project Funding & Financing Options; including Equity Investment, Debt Financing, Lease and Municipal Lease
Long-term Service Agreements
Operations & Maintenance
Green Tag Consulting Services (Renewable Energy Credit, Carbon Dioxide Credits, Emission Reduction Credits) Brokerage Services; Application and Permitting
We will only select the best products and technologies for your operation as we seek the optimum environmental and economic solutions for our clients.
What
is Thermal Decomposition?
Thermal decomposition - sometimes referred to as "thermolysis" - is a chemical reaction wherein a chemical substance splits or decomposes into at least two chemical substances when heated. The reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break the chemical bonds of the material(s) undergoing decomposition. The decomposition temperature of a substance is the temperature at which the substance decomposes into its' constituent atoms.
What is Biomethane?
Biomethane is "renewable natural gas" made from organic sources - which starts out as "biogas" but then is cleaned up, removing the impurities in the biogas, such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
"Cleaned-up"
and ready for use in an onsite cogeneration or
trigeneration power plant, the Biomethane
could also be sold to a pipeline company and completely replace the
"natural gas" that is typically transported to markets via the vast
underground pipeline system.
Biomethane
will some day replace the "methane" that is sold by the
local gas companies.
Biomethane has an unlimited supply, whereas the methane sold by gas companies has a limited supply. Biomethane is renewable, whereas the methane sold by your gas utility company is not renewable. Biomethane recovery, use and production generates "Greentags" or a "Renewable Energy Credit" for the owners and is GOOD for our environment. The production and use of the natural gas sold by the gas company does NOT generate these incentives and new revenue streams and is NOT good for our environment.
As previously mentioned, Biomethane is "naturally" produced from organic materials as they decay. Sources of Biomethane include; landfills, POTW's/Wastewaster Treatment Systems, and every tree or agricultural product that is no longer living. Biomethane also generated from animal operations where manure can be collected and the Biomethane is generated from anaerobic digesters where the manure decomposes.
Biomethane, after installation of the Biomethane equipment is essentially free, as opposed to buying natural gas, presently costing around $10.00/mmbtu.
Methanogenesis, also called Biomethanation, is the production of CH4 and CO2 by biological processes that are carried out by methanogens.
Sewage Sludge
www.SewageSludge.com
We Turn Your City or County's Sewage
Sludge Problems
into Profits and Green Energy!
Renewable Energy Ventures provides solutions for your Sewage Sludge problems and other organic waste streams with one or more of the following: Anaerobic Digester, Anaerobic Lagoon, Biogas Recovery, BioMethane, Biomass Gasification, Biosolids to Energy, Landfill Gas To Energy and Sewage Sludge "problems into profits" project development services.
Renewable Energy Ventures provides the following power and energy project development services:
Project Engineering Feasibility & Economic Analysis Studies
Engineering, Procurement and Construction
Environmental Engineering & Permitting
Project Funding & Financing Options; including Equity Investment, Debt Financing, Lease and Municipal Lease
Shared/Guaranteed Savings Program with No Capital Investment from Qualified Clients
Project Commissioning
3rd Party Ownership and Project Development
Long-term Service Agreements
Operations & Maintenance
Green Tag (Renewable Energy Credit, Carbon Dioxide Credits, Emission Reduction Credits) Brokerage Services; Application and Permitting
According
to the United Nations: "It
is estimated that Greenhouse Gas
Emissions trading markets could be worth $2 Trillion by 2012."
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=433&ArticleID=4792&l=en
Biomethane
-
the Perfect Renewable Fuel,
and Best of all Renewable Fuels?
As Biomethane
is a near perfect fuel, and since Biomethane
represents the best of all biofuels in terms of Recycling Carbon, and has the
highest Net Energy Balance, and as
Biomethane
technologies such as Anaerobic
Digesters and Biomass
Gasification development increases and becomes even more commonplace, one of
the fundamental questions is: what is the size of the potential biomass resource
supply in the U.S.?
In April 2005, the DOE and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
co-published a report assessing the potential of the land resources in the U.S.
for producing sustainable biomass: Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and
Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply.
Looking at forestland and agricultural land, the two largest potential biomass
sources, this study estimates that the U.S. can sustainably produce up to 1.3
billion tons of biomass feedstock by mid-century. This would be enough feedstock
to produce 60 billion gallons of B100 Biodiesel and
E100 Ethanol with today's
technologies.
This study doesn't address the opportunities for Biomethane production from biomass feedstock or Biomass Gasification technologies. Some recent estimates indicate that Biomethane could replace up to 50% of present natural gas consumption in the U.S. and in some countries, such as Iceland, Biomethane already provides 100% of the natural gas requirements.
There
are many assumptions in the Billion Ton Study report that impact these
estimates, but we believe the estimates reasonably reflect the potential
availability and impact of biomass resources.
Of the total estimated resource, the study suggests that forestlands in the
contiguous United States can produce approximately 368 million dry tons
annually. This projection includes 52 million dry tons of fuelwood harvested
from forests and woodlands, 145 million dry tons of residues from wood
processing mills and pulp and paper mills, 47 million dry tons of urban wood
residues including construction and demolition debris, 64 million dry tons of
residues from logging and site clearing operations, and 60 million dry tons of
biomass from fuel treatment operations.
Biomass to Biofuels
By "converting" biomass wastes – such as municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, crop residues, energy crops, and manure – into biofuels, this will resolve the energy, environmental and political problems in an economical and environmentally sound manner - that will produce over one million new jobs.
According
to Jeff Seisler, Director of the European Natural Gas Vehicle Association,
"Biomethane has
an outstanding potential as a multifaceted solution to multifaceted social
problems: urban and agricultural waste management, water purification, and clean
air. Urban and agricultural waste can be processed into usable methane, as can
the sewage during the water purification process. Cleaning and compressing the
gas for use in vehicles then provides cleaner air than petroleum-consuming
vehicles."
Continuing, Mr. Seisler states about Biomethane;
"this environmental 'closed loop waste-to-energy-to-fuel used in vehicles
that again truck the next load of waste to the energy processing
plants-substitutes fossil fuels with a renewable resource and reduces greenhouse
gases 100% as compared to over gasoline vehicles (on a well-to-wheel basis).
According
to Peter Boisen Chairman, of ENGVA, "various well respected European
research institutes now estimate more than three times better fuel output per
hectare of land used than if going for ethanol or biodiesel. Sweden currently
has a 51% Biomethane
share,
and Switzerland 37%. France, Norway, Germany and Austria use smaller amounts for
vehicles. Iceland, completely without natural gas, uses 100% biomethane in its
NGVs," Boisen says. Continuing, Boisen adds, "China, India,
Korea, the Ukraine, Spain and Italy are other examples of countries now starting
up projects where Biomethane
will be used as a vehicle fuel."
"With the energy efficiency of the gas production process at 50% to 70%
it's hard to think of a more socially acceptable and economic energy value for
the transportation sector," Boisen says.
"Governments need to get out of their liquid fuel paradigm to refocus and
balance their policies and communications to support the development of a Biomethane
infrastructure. In Europe Biomethane
has the potential to replace 20% of the
petroleum consumed in the transport sector by 2030."
Biomethane
- The Best of All Renewable Fuels!
BIOMETHANE
FACTS
1.
Biomethane
is One of the Most Common and Harmful of All Greenhouse
Gas Emissions.
2. Biomethane
is 21 Times More Harmful to the Climate than Carbon
Dioxide Emissions.
Stated another way, Biomethane
Causes Global Warming and Climate Change to
Increase 21 Times Faster than Carbon
Dioxide Emissions.
3. Biomethane
Is A "Renewable Natural Gas."
4. Biomethane
is One of the Easiest and Most Profitable of all Greenhouse
Gas Emissions
to Recover and Control.
WE PROVIDE CAP AND TRADE AND CARBON EMISSIONS
TRADING & CONSULTING SERVICES, INCLUDING:
Assigned Amount Units
Cap and Trade
Carbon Credits
Carbon Dioxide Credits
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Carbon Emissions
Carbon Offset Projects
Carbon Trading
Clean Development Mechanism
Emission Abatement
Emission Reduction Units
Emissions Trading
European Emissions Trading
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading
Kyoto Protocol Compliant Solutions
Nitrogen Oxides
Renewable Energy Credits
Renewable Energy Project Development
Sulfur Dioxide
Verified Emission Reductions
For project consulting or more information, call:
Tel. (832)1 7587
- 00274
Glossary of Terms
What is an Assigned Amount (AA)?
The quantity of greenhouse gases that an Annex I country can release in
accordance with the Kyoto Protocol, during the first commitment period of that
protocol (2008-12).
What is an Assigned Amount Unit (AAU)?
An Assigned Amount Unit (AAU) is a tradable unit of 1 tCO2e.
What are Certified Emission Reductions (CERs)?
According to the Kyoto Protocol, a Kyoto Protocol unit equal to 1 metric tonne
of CO 2 equivalent. A CER is issued for emission reductions from CDM project
activities. Two special types of CERs called temporary certified emission
reduction (tCERs) and long-term certified emission reductions (lCERs) are issued
for emission removals from forestation and reforestation CDM projects.
What is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)?
The Clean Development Mechanism is provided by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol,
designed to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development by
permitting industrialized countries to finance projects for reducing greenhouse
gas emission in developing countries and receive credit for doing so.
What is an Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA)?
An Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement
is a binding purchase agreement signed between buyer (of CERs or ERUs) and
seller.
What are Emission Reduction
Credits (ERCs)?
Emission Reduction Credits
are achieved through a Joint Implementation project.
Emission Reduction Credits
are equal to one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent.
What are Emissions Reductions (ERs)?
Emissions reductions generated by a project that have not undergone a
validation/verification process, but are contracted for purchase.
What is Emissions Trading?
Emissions Trading allows for the
transfer of AAUs across international borders or emission allowances between
companies covered by a Cap and Trade program. However, it is a general term
often used for the three Kyoto mechanisms: JI, CDM and emissions trading.
What is the Emissions Trading Scheme?
The ETS is the largest multi-national, greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme
in the world and is a main pillar of EU climate policy.
What is an ERC?
Emission Reduction Credits
What is the EU ETS?
European Union Emissions Trading Scheme.
What is an EUA?
European Union Allowance.
What is an European Union Allowances (EUA)?
Materialization of the EU ETS quotas, the tradable unit under the EU ETS. One
EUA represents the right to emit 1 ton of CO2.
What is the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
Trading Scheme within the European Union. The first compliance phase is from
2005 to 2007, while the second compliance phase continues from 2008 to 2012.
What is a Renewable Energy
Certificate?
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) - each REC represents the equivalent of one
megawatt hour of electricity generation from an accredited renewable energy
source.
What is a Verified Emission Reduction (VER)?
A Verified Emission Reduction is
one unit of greenhouse gas
emissions reductions
that have been verified by an independent auditor, but has not yet undergone the
procedures and may not yet have met the requirements for verification,
certification and issuance of CERs (in the case of the CDM) or ERCs (in the case
of Joint Implementation) under the
Kyoto Protocol.
Buyers of Verified Emission Reductions assume all carbon-specific policy and regulatory risks (i.e. the
risk that the VERs are not ultimately registered as Certified
Emission Reductions or Emission Reduction
Credits). Buyers
therefore tend to pay a discounted price for VERs, which takes the inherent
regulatory risks into account. Verified Emission Reductions are carbon credits which are not certified
under the Kyoto Protocol but which can be used to compensate carbon emissions.
One
(1) Verified Emission Reduction
corresponds to one metric tone of CO2 equivalent.
What is the Voluntary Market?
The Voluntary market is precisely that, a "voluntary" market for
emissions reductions for buyers and sellers of Verified Emission Reduction (VERs),
which seek to manage their emission exposure for non-regulatory purposes.
According
to the United Nations:
"It is estimated that
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
trading markets could be worth $2 Trillion by 2012."
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=433&ArticleID=4792&l=en
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Since the year 1750
| ## |
| World CO2 since 1750 (cubic feet) |
World Carbon Dioxide Emissions since 1750 (cubic feet)
The
carbon clock tracks total carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons since 1750.
Since 1750, humans have emitted over 5 trillion pounds of carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere. Roughly half of this has ended up in the oceans where it is
beginning to damage the coral reefs. The other half is still in the atmosphere
and causing global warming. Each pound of CO2 takes up as much space as a 500
pound person.
The formula (which should be good for a year or two) is:
C(t) = 2.58 ×1012 + 1240×t, where t is seconds since the start of 2007.
C is tonnes (metric tons) of carbon dioxide emissions.
2205 x C gives pounds of carbon dioxide emissions.
That comes to over 43 billion tons/year or over 86 trillion pounds/year.
Carbon dioxide (2) = 1 carbon atom with 2 oxygen atoms.
Carbon has relative weight 12 and Oxygen 16.
So it takes only 12 pounds of carbon to make 12+16+16 = 44 pounds of CO2.
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Responsible for
Wiping Out Most Polar Bears

Photo courtesy of Alaska Image Library. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service
Price
of Addiction
###
to Foreign Oil
Biomethane
- The Best of All Renewable Fuels!
BIOMETHANE FACTS
1.
Biomethane is One of the Most Common and Harmful
of All Greenhouse Gas
Emissions.
2. Biomethane
is 21 Times More Harmful to
the Climate than Carbon Dioxide
Emissions.
Stated another way, Biomethane
Causes Global Warming and Climate Change to
Increase 21 Times Faster than Carbon Dioxide
Emissions.
3. Biomethane
Is A "Renewable Natural
Gas."
4. Biomethane
is One of the Easiest and
Most Profitable of all Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
to Recover and Control.
Anaerobic Digesters - Best Renewable
Energy Technology
California and Sweden Sign Agreement to Jointly Develop Biomethane
and Other Renewable Fuels
Thursday, 29
June 2006
Sacramento, California USA and Sweden
In a ceremony held at the Ministry of the Environment in Stockholm,
representatives of the Kingdom of Sweden and the State of California signed an
agreement pledging the two governments and their related industries to work
together to develop bioenergy, with a particular emphasis on Biomethane.
“Through a strong working relationship between its industry and government,
Sweden is showing how bioenergy can be developed in a cost-effective manner
that benefits its economy and environment. We are extremely pleased to have
signed this Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that will provide a basis for
intensified collaboration between Swedish and California officials to develop
a thriving bioenergy industry in California,” said Joe Desmond,
Undersecretary for the California Resources Agency.
In particular, Sweden has been a global leader in terms of converting biowaste,
largely agricultural material and residues, into usable Biomethane.
This gas is then used to either generate electricity, residential heating, or
as a transportation fuel.
More than 8,000 vehicles in Sweden are powered by a combination of natural gas
and Biomethane. The vehicles include transit
buses, refuse trucks, and more than 10 different models of passenger cars.
There are more than 25 Biomethane
production
facilities in Sweden and 65 filling stations. The Swedish Biomethane
industry has been growing at an annual rate of about 20 percent over the last
five years.
According to the Swedish Gas Association, more than 50 percent of the methane
used to power Sweden’s natural gas vehicles now comes from biological
sources, up from 45% last year. Natural gas vehicle sales in Sweden are
increasing at the rate of 25% per annum.
Sweden was motivated to develop its Biomethane
industry because it has no natural gas reserves, to more efficiently manage
its waste, and to meet its obligations under the Kyoto Accord. Since Biomethane
is developed from methane sources that would normally release into the
atmosphere, it’s considered one of the most climate friendly fuels. Methane
(and Biomethane) is 21 times more reactive as a
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2). Sweden is currently meetings its
objectives and schedule as outlined in the Kyoto accord.
Biomethane
is developed by heating up and
breaking down biomaterials in an (Anaerobic Digesters) digester. Among other raw materials, Swedish operators feed
their Anaerobic Digesters with
slaughterhouse waste, swine manure, and even grassy crops. After the materials
breakdown over a 20 day period, technology is then used to remove the
impurities and produce Biomethane. Once
cleaned-up, Biomethane
is 98 percent methane and
easily meets the Swedish and California pipeline standards.
The Memorandum of Understanding can be accessed on the California Resources
Agency Web site: http://resources.ca.gov/press_documents/CaliforniaSwedenBiofuelsMOU.pdf
With
Over 27 Years Experience in Anaerobic Digester Design, Engineering and
Operations, We are now Building the World's best Anaerobic Digesters.
Anaerobic Digesters
recover valuable and toxic Biomethane
from organic materials and prevents the Biomethane
- which has a Global Warming
Potential that is 21 times more harmful to our climate than Carbon
Dioxide Emissions - from entering the atmosphere.
Biomethane, which we also refer to as "Renewable Natural Gas" is used as a renewable fuel for our cogeneration and trigeneration power plants. Alternatively, we may sell the Biomethane to a customer and transport it to them from our Anaerobic Digesters via natural gas pipelines.
We believe Anaerobic Digesters and Biomethane represent exciting opportunities for generating renewable natural gas and profits - for multiple reasons:
1. Anaerobic Digesters take an existing liability and waste (Biomethane) and convert it into an asset and " profit generator."
2. Anaerobic Digesters mitigate and reverse climate change and global warming by preventing Biomethane to escape into the atmosphere, which is one of the major causes of climate change and global warming.
Of all Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Biomethane is 21 times more harmful to the environment than Carbon Dioxide Emissions.
3. Anaerobic Digesters are vital for renewable energy production and helping our country's drive for energy independence.
4. EVERY wastewater treatment plant as well as ALL Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO's) - IN EVERY COUNTRY - will soon be installing Anaerobic Digesters to prevent Biomethane from entering the atmosphere and help reverse climate change as well as for use as a renewable fuel.
5. The country of Sweden is the global leader in Biomethane production. Sweden has identified the Biomethane opportunities and is converting biowaste derived from agricultural material and residues into usable Biomethane. The Biomethane is used to generate clean, renewable electricity, residential heating, and also as a transportation fuel. Biomass sources make up 45% of Sweden’s Biomethane. Sweden's Biomethane industry has been growing at an annual rate of around 20% over the last five years. Biomethane powers more than 8,000 transit buses, garbage trucks, and 10 different models of passenger cars in Sweden. Sweden now has more than 25 Biomethane production facilities and 65 filling stations. The country believes that since Biomethane is developed from natural, organic sources that would have been released into the atmosphere, that Biomethane is considered one of the most climate-friendly fuels. Biomethane is 98% methane and easily meets the Swedish and California pipeline standards.
For
More Information About Carbon Credits, Carbon Emissions,
Carbon Trading, Cap and Trade, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading, Environmental
Credits - Consulting, Engineering or
Carbon Offset Project Development Services,
Tel. (832)1
7587
- 00274
We support the Renewable Energy Institute by donating a portion of our profits to the Renewable Energy Institute in their efforts to reduce fossil fuel use through renewable energy and their goals to end pollution from Carbon Emissions, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
The Renewable Energy Institute is "Changing The Way The World Does Energy by Providing Research & Development, Funding and Resources That Create Pollution Free Power, Carbon Free Energy & Renewable Energy Technologies"
Renewable
Energy Institute

www.RenewableEnergyInstitute.org
Email: info@RenewableEnergyInstitute.org